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!()*ƛ pictorial representation showing the

relationships of events.

Y%+,%)+-Y

1. Intersection of events ƛ common to A and B

Ex. Let A = d1,2,3,4,5 and B = d2,4,6,8 then A  B = d2,4

2. Union of events ƛ either A or B or both

Ex. Let A = d2,3,5,8 and B = d2,4,6,8 then A  B = d2,3,5,6,8

3. Mutually exclusive events ƛ A and B have no elements in

common
Ex. Let A = d2,4,6 and B = d1,3,5 then A  B = .

4. Compliments of and event ƛ not in A

Ex. Let S = ddog, book, coin, map, cigarette, war and A = ddog,
book, cigarette, war then Aƞ = dcoin , map .
 m
 

ëhe Fundamental principles of counting often

referred to as a multiplication rule.

 

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) 
If an operation can be performed in n1 ways and if
for each of these, a second operation can be
performed in n2 ways, then the two operations can
be performed in n1*n2 ways.

%
. How many sample points are there in a

sample space if a pair of dice are thrown once?
 m
 

 

.(  /*    
) 
If an operation can be performed in n1 ways and if
for each of these, a second operation can be
performed in n2 ways, if for each of the first two, a
third operation can be performed in n3 ways and so
on, then the sequence of k operation can be
performed in n1*n2*n3*Ʀnk ways.

Example: How many lunch are possible consisting

of soups, sandwiches, desserts and drinks if one
has to select from 4 soups, 3 sandwiches, 5
desserts and 4 drinks?
 m
 

,%)*0+-‰an ordered arrangement of all or

part of set of object.
*ëhe number of permutation of n distinct object
taken all together is n!
*ëhe number of permutation of n distinct object
taken r at a time is nPr.
*ëhe number of permutation of n distinct object
arranged in a circle in (n‰1)!
*ëhe number of distinct permutations of n things of
which n1 are of one kind, n2 of a second kindƦ.nk of
kth kind is
 
  
  ë  
 m
 

*ëhe number of ways partitioning a set of objects

into r cells with n1elements in the 1st cell, n2
elements in the 2nd cell and so on is
   
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 m
 

%1*,2%Y.
’. How many distinct permutations can be made from the letters of
the word COLUMNS? INFINITY?
2. How many of these permutations starts with the letter m?
3. How many ways can the 5 starting position on a baseball team be
filled with 8 men who can play any of the position?
4. How many ways can 5 different trees can be planted in a circle?
5. A college plays ’ football games during a season. In how many
ways can the team end the season with 7 wins, 3 loses and
ties?
6. How many number consisting of five different digits, each can be
made from the digit ’ to 9 if:
a) repetitions are allowed
b) repetitions are not allowed
c) numbers must be odd
d) numbers must be even
e) numbers must be less than 40,000
f) the first two digits of the numbers are even
 m
 

m+*&-+-Yƛ A set of things without

reference to the order in which they are
arranged.

*ëhe number of combinations of distinct objects

taken r at a time is
 

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ëhe probability of an event E that can occur in m
ways but of n equally likely outcomes is given by:

%

where m are the elements of the events and n are

the elements in the sample space.
ëheorems
1: If an event does not occur then P (E) = 0.
2. If an event E is contain to occur and every trial
is a success, then P(E) = 1.
3. ëhe probability of an event E will occur is a
number from 0 to 1 only.
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1. If A and B are mutually exclusive events then P (A 

B) = P (A) + P (B)
2. If A and B are any two events then P (A  B) = P (A)
+ P (B) ƛ P (A  B)
3. If A1, A2, ƦƦ.An are any mutually exclusive events
then P (A1  A2  Ʀ.. An) = P (A1) + P (A2) +ƦƦƦP(An)
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P (A1  A2  ƦƦAn) = P (A1) * P (A2) * ƦƦ..P (An)


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