Global Market Management

SDH - Basics
Presented By : Narender Arora

All rights reserved.

No parts of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted,
or translated without the written permission of the publisher. Page 2
 Content
1. Current transmission technologies
1.1 A brief history of transmission systems
1.2 Principle of Plesiochronous Operation
1.3 Stuffing techniques
1.4 Problems of PDH

2. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

2.1 Synchronous Network Structure
2.2 Layered model of the SDH network
2.3 Principles of SDH
2.4 Network node interface

3. Bit rates, frame structure and interface

3.1 ITU-T and SONET multiplex structure
3.2 STM-1 frame structure
3.3 STM-N frame structure

Page 3
 Content
4. Basic elements of STM-1
4.1 Digital signal sections
4.2 The Section Overhead (SOH)
4.3 The Path Overhead (POH)
4.4 Pointer activities
4.5 Mapping procedures

5. SDH Network Elements

5.1 Add & Drop Multiplexer
5.2 Crossconnect
5.3 Synchronous Line Equipment
5.4 SDH Topology

6. Synchronization architecture in SDH

6.1 Clock hierarchy
6.2 Evaluation methods and standards
6.3 Synchronisation of SDH Network Elements
6.4 Holdover mode
Page 4
6.5 Recommendations for Synchronisation
 Content
7. Monitoring and maintenance functionality
7.1 Bit error monitoring with BIP-N test

7.2 SDH Maintenance Signal Interactions

7.3 Jitter and Wander
7.4 Network resilence
7.5 Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)

8. Future Trends in SDH

9. Let’s summarize

Page 5
Current Transmission
Technologies

Page 6
 The Telephone System

ANALOGUE DIGITAL ANALOGUE

Page 7
 Sampling

Audio Signal
T1 T2 T3
time
T4 T5 T6 T7

Sampler Output

Pulse Amplitude T1 T2 T3
time
Modulated T4 T5 T6 T7
(PAM) signal

Page 8
 Non-Linear Quantization and
Quantization
Encoding
Level digital codes
112 1 1 1 1 X X X X
96 1 1 1 0 X X X X 1/2V
80 1 1 0 1 X X X X
1/4V
1/8V
64 1 1 0 0 X X X X
1/16V
48 1 0 1 1 X X X X
1/32V
32 1 0 1 0 X X X X
1 0 0 1 X X X X 1/64
1 0 0 0 X X X X
V

-V 0 0 0 0 X X X X
In accordance with 0 0 0 1 X X X X
CCITT’s A-law 0 0 1 0 X X X X

Page 9
 PCM Signal Data Rate

8000 8
samples x bits per = 64kbit/s
per sec sample

Page 10
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Page 11
 PDH Systems Worldwide
Japan USA Europe

5. 397200
397200kbit/s
kbit/s 564992
564992kbit/s
kbit/s
x4 x4

4. 97728
97728kbit/s
kbit/s 274176
274176kbit/s
kbit/s 139264
139264kbit/s
kbit/s
x3
x3 x6 x4

3. 32064
32064kbit/s 44736
kbit/s 44736kbit/s
kbit/s 34368
34368kbit/s
kbit/s
x4
x5 x7
6312 8448
8448kbit/s
6312kbit/s
kbit/s kbit/s
2. order
x4 x3 x4

1544
1544kbit/s
kbit/s 2048
2048kbit/s
kbit/s
primary rate

x 24 x 30/31

64
64kbit/s
kbit/s

Page 12
 PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)

1
64 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)
Data Signals 30 1
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)
DSMX 1
64k/2
1
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
0.3 to 3.1 kHz 1
30
AF signals
PCMX 30
1
15 kHz
Sound Program 5
DSMX
4
Signals 34/140
PCMX 30 4
DSMX
8/34
DSMX Channel Capacity:
64
30
2/8 64 x 30 = 1920

Page 13
 2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit = 256 bit in 125µs
signalling signalling
information information

encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals

time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots

Page 14
 2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit = 256 bit in 125µs
signalling signalling
information information

encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals

time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
slots

Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)

Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...)

Si: Reserved for international use

Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)

Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based

data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Non frame alignment signal

Page 15
 2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit = 256 bit in 125µs
signalling signalling
information information

encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals

time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots

0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS
MFAS NMFAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
a b c d a b c d
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS signalling signalling
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) subscr. n subscr. n+15

Si: Reserved for international use

Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)

Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based

data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal

Page 16
 2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
2.048 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
multiframe

fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15
sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2
2.048 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit = 256 bit in 125µs
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots

0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS
MFAS NMFAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
a b c d a b c d
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS signalling signalling
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) subscr. n subscr. n+15

Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe: Si: Reserved for international use

sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1

0 FAS C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)

1 NFAS 0 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa 256 x 8 bit A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
6 FAS C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 = 2048 bit
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
7 NFAS 1 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
8 FAS C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
9 NFAS 1 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa 256 x 8 bit Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based
data links (point-to-point applications)
14 FAS C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 = 2048 bit FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
15 NFAS E2 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal

Page 17
 Plesiochronous Hierarchies -
Frame Structures
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
10 2 200 4 208 4 208 4 4 204

1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4

A : Alarm Bit
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N N : National Spare Bit
1a,b,c : Stuffing Control Bit
S : Stuffing Bit

34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
10 2 372 4 380 4 380 4 4 376

1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
Page 18
 Plesiochronous Hierarchies -
Frame Structures

139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751

12 4 472 4 484 4 484 4 484 4 484 4 4 480

1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4

A : Alarm Bit
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A NN N
N : National Spare Bit
1a,b,c,d : Stuffing Control Bit
S : Stuffing Bit

Page 19
 PDH Maintenance Signals

LOS
LOF PDH AIS
AIS Equipment
D-Bit

BER 10-3
BER 10-6 PDH AIS
Equipment
D-Bit
N-Bit

Page 20
 Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s

main
OLTU OLTU OLTU OLTU
stand-by
34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140

8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34

2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8

1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64

Line Drop & Insert Station Line Terminating

Terminating Unit Unit

Page 21
The Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH)

Page 22
 Why SDH ?
 Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher
SDH level)

 Simple D&I of traffic channels

(direct access to lower level systems without
synchronization)

 Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH

systems

 SDH is open for new applications

(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN, IP...)

 SDH provides TMN (ECCs)

(for centralized network control)
Page 23
 Synchronous Network Structure
140Mbit/s
STM-1
2Mbit/s TM

ADM

STM-1, STM-4
STM-4/-16/ 140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM ADM
ATM -64 34Mbit/s
34Mbit/s 8Mbit/s
Switch STM-1
2Mbit/s

DXC
LAN
DSC
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer 2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
DXC : Digital Cross Connect 34Mbit/s
TM : Terminal Multiplexer 140Mbit/s
DSC: Digital Switching Center STM-1
LAN: Local Area Network STM-4

Page 24
Layered Model of the SDH Network

Cicuit Layer
......
Packet Network Telephone Network

Lower
Order

SDH Transport Layer

VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 Path
Layer

Higher
VC-3 VC-4 Order
Path
Layer

Transmission

Media Layer
Multiplex section layer Section
Layer
Regenerator section layer

Physical media layer

Page 25
 Path Denominations

Lower Order Path

Higher Order Path

Multiplex
Section
Regenerator
Sections
VC-12 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4 VC-3 VC-12

SMX

SMX
Reg
VC-2 VC-4 VC-4 VC-2
VC-1 VC-3 VC-3 VC-1

STM-n STM-n
RSOH RSOH
STM-n MSOH

VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH

Page 26
 Network Node Interface (NNI)

SDH CC SDH SDH

DEMUX

DEMUX
PDH PDH

MUX /

MUX /
Reg.

NNI NNI NNI

The Network Node Interface (NNI) ITU-T Rec.:

specifications are necessary to enable G.707 Synchronous Multiplex Structure
interconnection of synchronous digital G.703 Electrical characteristic
network elements for transport of G.957 Optical interface characteristic
payloads

Page 27
 Bit Rates, Frame
Structure and Interfaces
in SDH

Page 28
 SDH and SONET are International
Standards
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
STM-N AU-4 VC-4
AUG C-4 E4: 139.264 kbit/s
STS-3C STS-3C
STS-3N
SPE
x3
x1 TU-3 VC-3 ATM: 48,384
TUG-3
x3 kbit/s
x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
STS-1 C-3
STS-1 STS-1 SPE E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
x7
TUG-2 x1 TU-2 VC-2
VT C-2 DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
group VT-6 VT-SPE

Pointer processing
TU-12 VC-12
Multiplexing x3
VT-2 VT-SPE
C-12 E1: 2.048 kbit/s
x4
Aligning
TU-11 VC-11
Mapping C-11 DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
VT-1.5 VT-SPE

BELLCORE GR.253 SDH SDH

SONET
ANSI T1.105 ITU-T G.707 ETSI

Page 29
 STM-1 Frame Structure
270 Columns (Bytes)
270
transmit
1 9 row by row
1
RSOH
3
4 AU Pointer Payload
5 (transport capacity)

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520
Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs

Page 30
 STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes)

1 9 270

1 RSOH
AU-4
3
4 AU Pointer
5 VC-4
MSOH

VC-4 POH
C-4
9

Page 31
 Higher SDH Bitrates
STM-1 #1 11111

STM-1 #2 22222 STM-4

12341234123412 . . .
STM-1 #3 33333

44444
STM-1 #4

B1 B1
B2 B2
SOH termination New SOH

The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary
bit rate.
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation
on the STM-n output signal.

Page 32
 STM-4 Frame Structure
36 bytes Payload

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X

B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X

D1 D2 D3 X

A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D5

D7 D8 D9

D D D
10 11 12

S1 M1 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X

#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4

B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculated

Bytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary
#1

Page 33
Basic Elements of STM-1

Page 34
 Synchronous Network
Path
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
Reg. Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

SDH CC SDH SDH

DEMUX
PDH

DEMUX

MUX /
MUX /
Reg.

back-up line

clock clock
clock

Parity Bytes B2 B2
B1 B1 B1
B3

Comm.
Channels E2, D4 ... D12 E1, F1, D1 ... D3

Page 35
 Embedded Overhead Bytes
STM-1 SOH

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X VC-3/4 POH
D1 D2 D3 J1
AU - PTR H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 B3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
C2
D4 D5 D6
G1
D7 D8 D9 VC-11/12/ 2 POH
F2
D10 D11 D12
H4 V5
F3 J2
S1 M 1 E2 X X K3 N2
N1 K4

Media dependent bytes RSOH

Pointer
X Reserved for national use

P O H
MSOH Payload

SOH: Section overhead

POH: Path overhead
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and
supervision of the SDH transmission network.
Page 36
 Functions of Regenerator
Section Overhead
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1
D1
E1
D2
F1
D3
 Frame Alignment
AU - Pointer
(A1, A2)
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9  Section Trace
D10 D11 D12 (J0 Identficationof regenerator
S1 M1 E2 source)

 Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)

 Data communication channels

(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)

 Voice communication channels

(E1 between regenerators)

Page 37
 Functions of Multiplexer Section
Overhead
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3  Parity check (B2)
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2  Alarm information (K2)
D4 D5 D6
D7
D10
D8
D11
D9
D12
 Remote error indication (M1,K2)
S1 M1 E2

 Automatic protection switching (K1, K2 Bytes)

 Data communication channels

(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)

 Clock source information (S1)

 Voice communications channels

(E2 between multiplexers)
Page 38
 Functions of Path Overhead
VC-3/4 POH
J1
 Parity check
B3 B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point
C2 VC-11/12/2
G1 POH  Alarm and performance information
F2 (V5, G1)
H4 V5
F3 J2
K4 N2  Structure of the VC
N1 K4 Signal label C2

 Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)

 User communications channel

between path elements (F2, F3)

 Identification of the Path Source

(Path Trace J1, J2)

Page 39
 Functions and Characteristics of
the Individual Elements of NNI
• The Container (C)
• Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
• Synchronous to the STM-1
• Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing
procedure
• Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
• Bit by bit stuffing

• The Virtual Container (VC)

• Formation of the Container by adding of a POH
(Path Overhead)
• Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
• A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area

Page 40
Functions and Characteristics of the
Individual Elements of the NNI
• The Tributary Unit (TU)
• Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

• The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

• Combines several TUs for a new VC

• The Administrative Unit (AU)

• Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the
VC formed at last
• The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1
(STM-1)
• Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to Aus
• Clock justification through positive-zero-negative
stuffing in the AU pointer area
• Byte by byte stuffing
Page 41
 Overhead Byte Functionality
SOH A1, A2 Frame synchronisation
B1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
J0 Regenerator section trace
D1... D3Regenerator section DCC
D4.. D12 Multiplex section DCC
E1, E2 Orderwire for voice communication
F1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)
S1 Synchronisation status message
M1 MS-REI (remote error idication)

VC-3/4 J1 Higher order path trace

POH B3 Path parity byte for error monitoring
C2 Signal Label (composition of payload)
G1 Path status and performance
F2, F3 Path user channels
H4 Payload specific byte
K3 Automatic protection switching (APS)
N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)

VC-1/2 V5 Error check, path status, signal label

POH J2 Lower order path trace
N2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
Page 42
K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)
 The way of integrating PDH
signals into STM-1
Plesiochronous signal 140Mbit/s

Container
Container C4
Path Overhead

Virtual
Virtual Container
Container VC-4
Pointer

Administrative
Administrative Unit
Unit AU-4
Section Overhead

Synchronous
Synchronous Transport
Transport Module
Module STM-1

Page 43
 Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate
timing differences at SDH networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-
1frame.

STM-1

AU-Pointer
TU- VC-4
PTR

VC-4 POH VC-12

VC-12
POH

Page 44
 Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

NDF, Pointer Opportunity for Opportunity for

mapping struc, inc/dec negative stuffing positive stuffing
pointer inc/dec IDIDIDID (more capacity) (less capacity)

J1
C4 payload

Pointer interpretation : H1 byte H2 byte

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

New data flag (NDF) disabled : 0 1 1 0

New data flag enabled : 1 0 0 1
AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 : 1 0
AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 : 0 1
AU-4 pointer 0...782 : X X X X X X X X X X
TU-3 pointer 0...764 : X X X X X X X X X X
Null pointer indication (NPI) : 1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Page 45
 Negative Justification

RSOH
H1 H2 H3 Start of VC-4
Actual pointer
MSOH

125µs
RSOH
Pointer with
H1 H2 H3
inverted D bits
MSOH

250µs
RSOH
H1 H2 negative justification byte (data)

MSOH
375µs
New pointer RSOH
H1 H2 H3

MSOH
500µs

Page 46
 Pointer justification

frame n-1

frame n AU-Pointer

frame n+1
AU-Pointer

Page 47
Mappings

Page 48
 Mapping 140 Mbit/s

Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary

9 261

RSOH

AU Pointer 260
J1
B3
MSOH C2
G1 20 x 13 bytes per row
F2
H4 C-4
Z3 140 Mbit/s
K3
Z5

C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s

Page 49
 Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary
into VC-4
The figure shows one row of the VC-4

J1 W 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I

X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I

Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I

Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Z 96 I

W =IIIIIIII Y = RRRRRRRR X = CRRRROOO Z = I I I I I I SR

I = Information bit R = Fixed stuffing bit O = Overhead bit

S = Justification opportunity bit C = Justification control bit

Page 50
 Mapping 34 Mbit/s
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary
(ETSI structure)

9 261

RSOH
AU Pointer 260
J1
H1 H1 H1
B3
MSOH C2
H2 H2 H2
J1 VC-3 #3
G1 H3 H3 H3 B3 J1 VC-3 #2
F2 C2 B3 J1 VC-3 #1
H4 G1 C2 B3
Z3 fixed stuffing F2 G1 C2
K3 H4 F2 G1
Z5 Z3 H4 F2
C3
VC-4 POH
K3 Z3 H4 C-3
Z5 K3 Z3 34 Mbit/s
Z5 K3
Z5
VC-3 POH
84
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s

Page 51
 Mappings 2 Mbit/s

RSOH
AU pointer

MSOH VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2
TU-12

Tu pointer

VC-12

Page 52
 Mapping and Multiplexing (1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................261

RSOH J1

B3

S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G
C2
AU-4 Pointer
G1

F2

H4
MSOH Z3

K3

Z5 A B C A B C A A B C

. ...... . ...... . ......

1 TUG-3 86 1 TUG-3 86 TUG-3

1 86
(A) (B) (C)

Page 53
 Mapping and Multiplexing (2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86
TUG-3 N
NPI: Null Pointer

S T U F F I N G
P
I Indication
1001 XX11 1110 0000

S T U F F I N G
XXXX XXXX

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 E3 F3 G3

123 1231231 23 123 123123123 123 123123123

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2
(A) (B) (G)

TU-12s occupy
TU-12 ..... TU-12 TU-12 ..... TU-12 TU-12 ..... TU-12 36 bytes per
#1 #3 #1 #3 #1 #3 frame

Page 54
 Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)
VC-12 Structure: VC-4 POH
V5 V4
R 35 bytes
in one XXX XX00 H4 Payload
32 bytes (32x8I) VC-4 VC-4 Payload
R V1
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R XXX XX01 H4 Payload
32 bytes (32x8I) VC-4 Payload
R V2
140 Bytes

N2
C1 C2 O O O O R R XXX XX10 H4 Payload
32 bytes (32x8I) VC-4 Payload
R V3
K4
S2 I I I I I I I XXX XX11 H4 Payload
32 bytes (32x8I) VC-4 Payload
V4
R V5: VC-12 Path Overhead
R: fixed stuffing bits XXX XX00 H4 Payload
500 µs J2: Path Trace
C1/2: Justification control bit VC-4 Payload
O: Overhead bit
N2: Network Operator byte
K4: APS
H4: Indicates the number of Vx
S2: Justification opportunity bit Page 55
V1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer
I: Info-bit
 VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
STM-4

RSOH

AU-4 Pointers
J1
B
MSOH 3C

Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
2
G
1
F2 C-4-4c
H4
F3
K
3
N
1
VC-4-4c
4 x 261 bytes
The first Pointer indicates J1
All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
ATM Cell

Page 56
 How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATM
via 150 Mbit/s SDH ?

?
VC4
4x VC4
VC4 150 Mbit/s

VC4 150 Mbit/s

150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
Different delays
600 Mbit/s
for VC-4's?
VC-4-4c

622 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s

Out In Out In
In Out In Out

STM-4 port STM-4c port

STM-4c port STM-4 port

ATM switch ATM switch

SDH cross-connect for VC-4

Page 57
 VC-4 virtual Concatenation
(Generation)
4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes
STM-4

RSOH

AU-4 Pointers
J1 J1 J1 J1
B3 B3 B3 B3
MSOH C2 C2 C2 C2
G1 G1 G1 G1
F2 F2 F2 F2 C-4-4vc
H4 H4 H4 H4
F3 F3 F3 F3
K3 K3 K3 K3
N1 N1 N1 N1

VC-4-4vc
Generation: 4 x 261 bytes
All Pointers are set to the same value
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4 ATM Cell
All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
Page 58
 VC-4 virtual Concatenation
(Termination)
J1 J1
J1
B3 B3
B3 J1
VC-4
C2 #1 B3 C2 C2 VC-4 #4
G1 C2 VC-4 #2 G1 VC-4 #3 G1
F2 F2
F2 G1
H4 H4
H4 F2
F3 F3
F3 H4
K3 K3
K3 F3 J1 J1 J1 J1
N1 N1
N1 K3 B3 B3 B3 B3
N1 C2 C2 C2 C2
G1 G1 G1 G1
F2 F2 F2 F2 C-4-4vc
H4 H4 H4 H4
F3 F3 F3 F3
K3 K3 K3 K3
N1 N1 N1 N1

VC-4-4vc
Termination:
4 x 261 bytes
VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the
(different) pointer values for alignment
ATM Cell
Page 59
 SDH and SONET are International
Standards
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
STM-N AU-4 VC-4
AUG C-4 E4: 139.264 kbit/s
STS-3C STS-3C
STS-3N
SPE
x3
x1 TU-3 VC-3 ATM: 48,384
TUG-3
x3 kbit/s
x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
STS-1 C-3
STS-1 STS-1 SPE E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
x7
TUG-2 x1 TU-2 VC-2
VT C-2 DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
group VT-6 VT-SPE

Pointer processing
TU-12 VC-12
Multiplexing x3
VT-2 VT-SPE
C-12 E1: 2.048 kbit/s
x4
Aligning
TU-11 VC-11
Mapping C-11 DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
VT-1.5 VT-SPE

BELLCORE GR.253 SDH SDH

SONET
ANSI T1.105 ITU-T G.707 ETSI

Page 60
SDH Network Elements

Page 61
 SDH Network Elements
Terminal Multiplexer

PDH & Applications:

STM-m STM-n
Point-to-Point
Tributaries Transmission Systems
(m<n) (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)

SDH Repeater

Applications:
STM-n STM-n
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks

Page 62
 Add Drop Multiplexer

ADM
WEST EAST

STM-1/4 STM-1/4

......

Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)

Page 63
 Synchronous Cross Connect
2.4 Gbit/s 2.4 Gbit/s
16x SDH 16x
622 Mbit/s Multiplexer 622 Mbit/s
4x
4x
155 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s
155
VC4
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s
34 2 VC12 2
2 VC12 2 34
140 2 VC12 2
140 Mbit/s 2 VC12 2 140
140 Mbit/s

140 VC 4 VC4
140 Mbit/s VC4 140 140 Mbit/s
VC 3
34
VC 12 VC3
34 (45)Mbit/s VC3 34 (45)Mbit/s
VC12
VC11
2 (1.5)Mbit/s 2 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
VC12

Page 64
 Synchronous Line Equipment
4
16 x 140 Mbit/s 4
Optical STM-16
or 4
Transmit
16 x STM-1 4 Sync Unit
MUX

PC / TMN (Q) Management

Communication Unit
Service Service Channel Unit
Channels SLX 1/16
Data Overhead
Channels Processing Unit
4
16 x 140 Mbit/s 4
STM-16
4 Optical
or Receive
4 Sync Unit
16 x STM-1 DEMUX

Page 65
 Hybrid Networks Connect Old and

New Technologies
140Mbit/s
STM-1
2Mbit/s TM

ADM

STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM 140Mbit/s

ATM 34Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
Switch STM-1 8Mbit/s

2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN

Page 66
 SDH
STM-4 Network Topology
Trunk
Network L 2 Trunk Network
L1
STM-16

STM-1
Trunk Network
Exchange 1
L2
T M-
S

Local Network
Local
Exchange

FlexMux

Subscriber Mux
Access 64/2M
Page 67
 Synchronization
Architecture in SDH

Page 68
 Synchronization Network

Primary Reference Clock

long term: holdover 24h:
PRC
Caesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10-11
typ : 5 x 10 -12
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10
typ : 4 x 10 -11 , 2 x 10-11

SSU SSU
Synchronization Supply Unit

SEC SEC SEC

SDH SDH SDH
SDH Equipment Clock
Equip. Equip. Equip.

Page 69
 Synchronization reference model

G.811 G.812 G.812

PRC TNC SSU SSU
TNC

G.813 G.813 G.813

SEC SEC SEC

Limits:

Max. 10 x G.812 TNC

Max. 60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than
20 between 2 TNCs

Page 70
 Synchronization of
SDH Network Elements

SDH Network Element

Internal 2 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s Oscillator
Data Signal Data Signal
± 4.6 ppm

Osc.

Synchronous
SDH Signal

2 048 kHz
Central Clock

Page 71
 Hold-over mode

Phase error [ ns]

100000

10000

1000

100

10
0.01 1 100 10000

Observation interval [s]

Page 72
Hold-over measured values (TIE)

Page 73
 Which Recommendations define
Synchronization Networks

ITU-T ANSI / Bellcore ETSI

Definitions G.810 T1.101 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-1

Network G.825 T1.105 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-3
Primary Reference Clocks G.811 T1.101 ETS 300 462-6
Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS 300 462-4
Equipment Clocks (ST3) G.813 (G.81s) GR-253 ETS 300 462-5

Page 74
Monitoring, Maintenance
and Control Functions
in SDH

Page 75
Phys./Reg.
EVENTS SDH EVENTS SONET
LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of Signal

Line (L) Phys./Section

TSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence Error
LSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.
Sect.

LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRef

OOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of Frame
LOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of Frame
B1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP Errors
Higher Order Path Mux Sect.

B2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP Errors

MS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AIS
MS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.
MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.
AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of Pointer
AU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data Flag

STS Path (SP)

AU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AIS
AU-PJE AU Pointer Just. Event
B3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP Errors
HP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP Unequipped
HP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.
HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.
PDI-P SP Payload Defect Ind.
HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. Mismatch
HP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label Mismatch
TU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of Pointer
Lower Order Path

TU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data Flag

TU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AIS

VT Path (VP)
TU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of Multiframe
BIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors UNEQ-V VP Unequipped
LP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.
LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.
LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.
LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
LP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.

LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610

HCOR Correctable Header Errors
HUNC Uncorrectable Header Errors
ATM Path

VP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610

VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610
VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610
VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610
Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)
Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)
LOC Loss Of Continuity I.610

Page 76
 Frame Areas Covered by Parity
Bytes
Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
quality of a life STM-N signal !
B1:
RSOH - Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
Payload - Covers the regenerator
MSOH sections of a trans-
mission system

B2:
RSOH - Covers the multiplex
AU-PTR sections (from network
Payload node to network node)
MSOH

B3:
RSOH
- Covers the transmission
Payload paths from beginning to
Payload
the end (tributary to
MSOH tributary)

Page 77
 Parity Supervison Procedure

frame n+1 frame n

Transmit Side

BIP-8 B1
Receive Side

frame n+1 frame n

recalculation at Rx side

Comparison
with the Tx side BIP-8 B1
value

Page 78
 How to Built a Parity Byte ?
• Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered

• Field width: BIP-24: 24 bits (B2)

• BIP-8: 8 bits (B1, B3)
• BIP-2: 2 bits (V5)
• Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"

Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

BIP-24 even numbers of "1"

801 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Page 79
 SDH Maintenance Interactions
Regenerator Multiplex Higher Order Lower Order
Section Section Path Path
"1"
LOS/LOF AIS
(J0) RS-TIM
BIP Err.
(B1)
MS-AIS "1"
(K2) AIS
MS-BIP Err.
(B2)
(M1) MS-REI
MS-RDI
(K2)
AU-AIS "1"
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ "1"
(C2) AIS
(J1) HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
(B3)
HP-REI
(G1)
HP-RDI
(G1)
TU-AIS "1"
TU-LOP
LOM
(H4)
(C2) HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ "1"
(V5) AIS
LP-TIM
(J2)
LP-BIP Err.
(V5)
(V5) LP-REI
(V5) LP-RDI
"1"
(V5) LP-PLM
AIS

Page 80
 Maintenance Signal Definitions (1)

LOS Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10 -3 or

worse
OOF A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 us
LOF If OOF persists of 3ms
B1 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8
MS-AIS K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more frames
B2 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-24
MS-RDI If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110
MS-REI M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocks
AU-AIS All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointer
AU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
HP-UNEQ C2="0" for 5 or more frames
HP-TIM J1: Trace identifier mismatch
HP-SLM C2: Signal label mismatch
HP-LOM H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence

B3 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8

HP-RDI G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3
HP-REI G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors

Page 81
 Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)
TU-AIS All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointer
TU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
LP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;
VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 frames
LP-TIM VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatch
LP-SLM VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatch
BIP-2 Err Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5)
LP-RDI V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure received
LP-REI V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2
LP-RFI V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared

Abbreviations:

AU Administration unit LP Low path TIM Trace identifier

HP High path OOF Out of frame TU Tributary unit
LOF Loss of frame REI Remote error indication (FEBE) UNEQ Unequipped
LOM Loss of multiframe RDI Remote defect indication (FERF) VC Virtual
LOP Loss of pointer RFI Remote failure indication C container
LOS Loss of signal SLM Signal label mismatch

Page 82
 Perfomance Parameter
ITU-T G.821
ES Errored Second Second with > 1 bit error
SES Severely Errored Second Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3

ITU-T G.826
ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block
SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocks
or > 1 defect
BBE Background Block Error Errored block, not occuring as
part of SES

UAS Unavailable Seconds:

10 sec 10 sec Time

Unavailability < 10 Availability

detected sec detected
Unavailable Seconds
Unavailable Seconds

Page 83
 New Parameter:
Severly Errored Period

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time

Severly Errored Period = 1

2 Unavailability

Severely Errored Second

Error-free Second

Page 84
Jitter and Wander

Page 85
 Jitter and Wander Definitions

Ideal Signal (NRZ)

Jittered Signal

Jitter

Page 86
 Sources of Jitter and Wander

• Interference signals
• Pattern dependent jitter
• Phase noise
• Delay variation
• Stuffing and wait time jitter
• Mapping jitter
• Pointer jitter

Page 87
 Jitter and Wander Measurement Method

Clock
Input

Jitter
Signal Pattern HP LP and
Input
N f Wander

Clock 1 V Result
Evaluation

Pattern-Clock Frequency Phase Detector Filters Peak-to-Peak

Converter Divider Detector

Ext. Reference Clock Input

(Wander Measurement) ~ 1 Hz
f
V

Phase Detector Low Pass Filter VCO

Reference Clock Generator (PLL)

Page 88
 Jitter Measurement Filters
Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813
High pass1 High pass2 Low pass
1.5 Mbps: 10 Hz 5.0 Uipp 8 kHz 0.1 Uipp 40 kHz
6 Mbps: 10 Hz 3.0 Uipp 3 kHz 0.1 UIpp 60 kHz
45 Mbps: 10 Hz 5.0 Uipp 30 kHz 0.1 UIpp 400 kHz

OC-1 : 100 Hz1.5 UIpp 20 kHz 0.15 UIpp 0.4 MHz

OC-3 : 500 Hz1.5 UIpp 65 kHz 0.15 UIpp 1.3 MHz
Amplitude / OC-12 : 1 kHz1.5 UIpp 250 kHz 0.15 UIpp 5 MHz
dB OC-48 : 5 kHz1.5 UIpp 1 MHz 0.15 UIpp 20 MHz
Wander OC-192: 20kHz 1.5 UIpp 4 MHz 0.15 UIpp 80MHz

10 Hz
Frequency / Hz

Total Jitter High

Jitter including Frequency
lower Jitter
Page 89
Frequency
Components
 Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak
Amplitude
Jitter / UIpp

Jitter Time
Amplitude
(PP)

Measurement Period

Page 90
 Jitter and Wander Measurements

• Network output jitter (G.825)

• Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813)

• Jitter transfer function (G.958)

• Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)

Page 91
 WANDER Definitions

Wander Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)

TIE "Time Interval Error"

MTIE "Max. Time Interval Error"

TDEV "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of

integration time. Provides information about the
spectral content.

TVAR "Time Variation", square of TDEV

ADEV "Allen Deviation"

MADEV "Modified Allen Deviation"

Page 92
 TIE and MTIE Definitions

Wander / UI
e nting
s t
pre Offse

Time variation against reference

r e
pe cy
TIE max Slo quen
Fre

MTIE TIE at t End

TIE min
Time
Observation Period
Start End

Page 93
Results (MTIE) compared to
Standards

Page 94
Network resilience

Page 95
Linear Protection (G.783)

W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P

W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme

W
W 1 : N Protection scheme

Page 96
Linear Protection (G.783)

W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P

W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme

W
W 1 : N Protection scheme

Page 97
 Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings
Traffic A  B ADM Traffic A  B
ADM

A B -> A A
Traffic B  A
ADM B ADM ADM B ADM

ADM ADM longer

Traffic B  A
path

Unidirectional Ring Bidirectional Ring

• traffic between A-B • use the shorter or longer path
• uses the entire length of ring • increase number of paths
• short path  traffic
• long path  protection

Page 98
 Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Unidirectional
normal traffic from Node A  D
Fiber 1
W W

P P
Unidirectional
Fiber 1 NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line

 Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Working and Protection Failure
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
W W

P P
Unidirectional
Fiber 1 NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line

 Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
W W

P
Unidirectional
P
Fiber 1 NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line

 Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
W W

Unidirectional
P P
Fiber 1 NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line

 2-Fiber MSPR Normal traffic flow
from Node A  D
Fiber 1
W W

Fiber 2 P P
NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line MSPR .... Multiplex Section Protection Ring
 2-Fiber MSPR protection Switching for
Working and Protection Failure
Fiber 1
W W

Fiber 2 P P
NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line MSPR .... Multiplex Section Protection Ring
 4-Fiber MSPR Normal traffic flow
from Node A  D
W W

P P
NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line MSPR .... Multiplex Section Protection Ring
4-Fiber MSPR protection Switching for
working fiber break Node A  D
W W

P P
NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line MSPR .... Multiplex Section Protection Ring
4-Fiber MSPR protection Switching for
working and protection Fiber Failure
W W

P P
NODE A NODE B

NODE F NODE C

NODE E NODE D
P P

W W

Working Line Protection Line MSPR .... Multiplex Section Protection Ring
TMN in SDH networks

Page 108
 Network Management

Basic tasks of network management:

Administrative functions:

Operation: Network supervising (anomalies, defects)

Network linking (reserve links,
additional links)

Maintenance: Identifing and elimination of impairments

Planning and commissioning: Network configuration

Operative functions: Supervision of network functions

Repair
Installation
Self test

Page 109
 TMN Overlay

Q Central Q
OS
Q
Q
Local OS
Q
Q ECC
CC CC

Q ECC

ADM
ADM

ADM

ADM

Page 110
 Telecommunication Management
Network (TMN) Overlay
Management of:
Performance
Central X Central X Faults
OS OS Configuration
Q3
Accounting
NE
Manager Q3
Security
NE Local
Manager OS
STM-N
Q3
Q3
QECC QECC
ADM DXC STM-N STM-N DXC
ADM

ADM

ADM Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN

Page 111
 TMN Reference Configuration
Operating
System
OS F
Workstation
Q3

Data Communication Network

DCN
Q3
Q3 Mediation
Device
MD F
Q2 or Q1 Workstation

Local Communication Network

LCN F
Qx Workstation

Network
Element
Network MD: Conversion between different interfaces
NE Element (Information Conversion Function ICF:
NE manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)

Page 112
 SDH Benefits
Reduced equipment costs
multi vendor compatibility

Lower maintenance costs

built-in defect and anomaly monitoring

Future proof equipment

SDH is the physical layer for BISDN

Efficient drop / insert facilities

ADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)

TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC

More flexibility in provision of services

adding transmission capacity by routing on demand

Page 113
Synchronous Technology
pac ity STM-256
a
Future Trends in Lar ger C

Optical Networks Digital Wrapper

AON
Converge
nce

PoS

Page 114
 Let‘s summarize !

• Please name the PDH bitrates !

• Please explain „stuffing“ !
• When will „stuffing“ be applied ?
• What is the reaction of a Network element after an
„LOS“ alarm ?
• What is the meaning of an „LOF“ alarm ?
• Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an
140Mbit/s line ?
• Why not ?
• Please name the SDH bitrates !
• Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !

Page 115
 Let‘s summarize !

• Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !

• What is a parity byte ?
• Please explain the way to build a parity byte !
• Which parity bytes do you know ?
• Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?
• What is a „pointer“ ?
• What is a „pointer“ used for ?

Page 116
 Let‘s summarize !

• Please name the SDH network elements !

• What are they used for ?
• Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
• Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !
• What is a holdover mode ?
• Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?
• Please explain „Jitter“ and „Wander“ !
• How can jitter be defined ?
• Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?
• Please explain the term TDEV ?

Page 117
 Let‘s summarize !

• Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !

• Explain these measurements !
• Please explain the methods of linear protection !
• What kind of ring structures do you know ?
• What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?
• How is the TMN interface called ?
• Please explain „DWDM“ !

Page 118
Page 120
Page 121