RESEARCH METHODS FOR MANAGERS

Performed By :-
Mr. Robin Jacob
Mr. Roopak
Mr. Krishna Kumar, and
Mr. Sajith
1. WHAT ARE THE POINTS TO BE
LOOKED INTO THE CONSTRUCTION
OF A QUESTIONNAIRE?
WHAT IS QUESTIONNAIRE?
 A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a
series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of
gathering information from respondents.
 A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to
individuals to obtain statistically useful information
about a given topic

 The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.

HOW WE CAN CONSTRUCT A GOOD
QUESTIONNAIRE?

Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative

marketing research and social research. They are a valuable method of
collecting a wide range of information from a large number of
individuals, often referred to as respondents. Adequate questionnaire
construction is critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate
questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad
questionnaire format can make the survey valueless, as it may not
accurately reflect the views and opinions of the participants. A useful
method for checking a questionnaire and making sure it is accurately
capturing the intended information is to pretest among a smaller
subset of target respondents.
 BASIC RULES FOR QUESTIONNAIRE ITEM CONSTRUCTION

 Use statements which are interpreted in the same way by members

of different subpopulations of the population of interest.
 Use statements where persons that have different opinions or traits
will give different answers.
 Think of having an "open" answer category after a list of possible
answers.
 Use positive statements and avoid negatives or double negatives.

 Do not make assumptions about the respondent.

 Use clear and comprehensible wording, easily understandable for

all educational levels
 Use correct spelling, grammar and punctuation.
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS WHILE PREPARE A
QUESTIONNAIRES:-
 Contingency questions - A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a
particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do
not apply to them (for example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant).
 Matrix questions - Identical response categories are assigned to multiple questions. The
questions are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along
the top and a list of questions down the side. This is an efficient use of page space and
respondents’ time.
 Closed ended questions - Respondents’ answers are limited to a fixed set of responses.
Most scales are closed ended. Other types of closed ended questions include:
 Yes/no questions - The respondent answers with a “yes” or a “no”.
 Multiple choice - The respondent has several option from which to choose.
 Scaled questions - Responses are graded on a continuum (example : rate the
appearance of the product on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most preferred
appearance).
 Open ended questions - No options or predefined
categories are suggested. The respondent supplies their
own answer without being constrained by a fixed set of
possible responses. Examples of types of open ended
questions include:
 Completely unstructured - For example, “What is your
opinion of questionnaires?”
 Word association - Words are presented and the respondent
mentions the first word that comes to mind.
 Sentence completion - Respondents complete an incomplete
sentence. For example, “The most important consideration in
my decision to buy a new house is . . .”
 Story completion - Respondents complete an incomplete story.
 Thematic apperception test - Respondents explain a picture or
make up a story about what they think is happening in the
picture
2. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT METHODS
OF SAMPLING? EXPLAIN WHEN EACH
TYPE IS PREFERRED.
WHAT IS SAMPLING?
Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient
number of elements from the population, so that the
study of the sampling and an understanding of its
properties or characteristics would make it possible for
us to generalize such properties or characteristics to the
population elements
The process of sampling involves three
elements:-
a. Selecting the sample.
b. Collecting information., and
c. Making an interference about the
population.
NEED FOR SAMPLING?

i. It saves money.
ii. It saves time.
iii. It gives detailed and accurate measurement.
iv. It is necessary when population is infinite.
v. It is necessary when the study of an item causes its
destruction., and
vi. It is necessary when the area of survey is wide.
DIFFERENT METHODS FOR SELECTING
SAMPLE:-
Various methods available for selecting
sample can be grouped under two major heads:-

1.Probability Sampling ( Random

Sampling), and
2.Non-Probability Sampling.
1.PROBABILITY SAMPLING ( RANDOM
SAMPLING)

Probability sampling design is based on

probability for the selection of each item. Probability
sampling is also known as Random Sampling/Chance
Sampling. In this methods each item has its own chance
for being selected.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING MAY BE:-

a) Simple Random Sampling:-

b) Systematic Sampling
c) Stratified Sampling
d) Cluster Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
A sample is selected from a
population in such a way that every
member of the population has equal
chance of being selected.
The selection of any individual does not
influence the selection of any other.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Under this method the items in

the population are included in intervals of
magnitude K. Systematic sampling is relatively
simple technique and more efficient than simple
random sampling.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Stratified sampling is used when the field

of enquiry is not homogeneous and contains
variety of items. In this method we first divide
the population in to different sub populations
known as strata, such that items in each stratum
are homogeneous. From each stratum, items are
selected by simple random sample method.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling is a sampling procedure
in which the elements for the sample are chosen from the
population in groups or clusters rather than singly. All
the units in the sample of cluster selected are surveyed.
The cluster used are pre existing nature or administrative
groups of the population such as schools, colleges etc.
Cluster sampling is adopted when there
would be no reliable list of the units of the population or
when it would be very expensive to collect such list.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non-Probability Sampling is that sampling
procedure which does not afford any basis of estimating
the probability for each item to be included in the sample
In Non-Probability Sampling generally the
person selecting the sample purposively selects a sample
which is suitable for study.
2.NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING MAY
BE:-

a. Judgment sampling

b. Convenience Sampling

c. Quota Sampling
 JUDGMENT SAMPLING

Judgment sampling other wise known as

“Deliberate Sampling/Purposive Sampling”. Under
deliberate selection the selection of items to be included
in the sample entirely depends upon the judgment of the
investigator and no formula or principle is followed.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

A convenience sample is obtained by

selecting a convenient population.

Eg: For the study of the spending habits of students, if we

select a sample of students from a nearby college the
sample is convenience sampling.
QUOTA SAMPLING

This method of sampling is adopted in

making surveys o public opinion. Only definite quotas of
persons in different social classes, different age groups,
different region etc… are selected for interview.