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EMISSION CONTROL USING WATER EMULSIFIED DIESEL

IN DIESEL ENGINE

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr.Smt.G.Prasanthi,
Associate professor,
Head of Mechanical Engg Dept,
JNTUACEA

B.Venkatesh
Advanced I.C Engines

09001D7910
 Contents

1 Abstract

2 Meaning of emulsion

3 Selecting of solvent

4 Graphs and Tables

5 Conclusion

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 Abstract

In this modern world of industries and technology the diesel engine plays a
major role in various fields. It may be for transportation (or) production e.t.c., with
the increase in population and by various applications to the diesel resources are
depleting day by day. These have also been hike in the prices. Diesel is causing a
harmful effect on the environment leading to effect like green house.
To compensate the above said effects caused by diesel, research work is going
on at a fast pace to add diesel and some additives to decrease the emission. In this
project focus is on the effect of water emulsified diesel fuel combustion on brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu)
and Hydrocarbon emissions in a diesel engine. The experiment is to be conducted
on a single cylinder four stroke cycle direct injection diesel engine at constant
speed. Tests are going to be conducted using commercial diesel fuel and diesel fuel
with 10%, 20% and 30% water by volume and 0.1% tween® 20 .
The present work is induced with the improvement in brake thermal efficiency
and to reduce brake specific fuel consumption. The Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu) and
hydrocarbon emissions are to be calculated w.r.t the proportion water in diesel.
Keywords: Brake thermal efficiency, Diesel engine, Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu)
emission, Hydrocarbon emission, Tween® 20 and Water emulsified diesel.
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 Meaning Emulsion

 An emulsion is defined as a mixture of two or more generally insoluble

liquids. A permanent emulsion exists when sufficient droplet sizes have
been reached to prevent the separation of the insoluble materials .
 Why instead of water we using Distilled water ?

In water so many active ions particles. The minerals and ions

typically found in tap water can be corrosive to internal engine
components, and can cause a more rapid depletion of the anti-corrosion
additives found in most antifreeze formulations. So that we use instead of
water we use distilled water.

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 Advantages & History

1. A high-volume pump can create the high-pressure needed for

the fuel injectors at less expense
2. Recirculation warms the fuel and helps resist gelling at low
temperatures
3. The warmed fuel improves combustion

Unstabilized emulsions require high shear to suspend

small droplets of water in the fuel (Greeves et al., 1976). An
advantage of unstabilized emulsions is reduced fuel costs, due
to lack of additives needed and reduced emissions from not
combusting surfactants or other emulsifying agents

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 Selecting of solvent

i sodium dodecyl sulfate

ii Tween 20 or polysorbate 20

iii Tween 80 or polysorbate 80

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 Sodium lauryl sulfate or Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Polysorbate 20 or Tween 20 and Tween 80

SDS
 Molecular formula : C58H114O26
 AppearanceClear : white.
 Density : 1.01 g/cm³
 Boiling point : > 100 °C
 Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed oil,
corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol
 Flash point : 110 °C
 Molar mass : 288.38 g mol−1
Tween80
 Melting point : 206 °C  Molecular formula : C64H124O26
 AppearanceClear : Amber colored viscous
liquid .
 Density : 1.1 g/mL (approximate)
Tween 20  Flash point : 113 °C
 Molecular formula : C58H114O26
 Boiling point : > 100°C
 AppearanceClear : yellow to yellow-green viscous liquid.
 Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed oil,
 Density : 1.1 g/mL (approximate) corn oil, ethyl acetate
 Boiling point : > 100 °C
 Solubility :soluble in ethanol, cottonseed oil,
corn oil, ethyl acetate, methanol
 Flash point : 110 °C

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 ENGINE SPECIFICATION

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Iteam Specifications

Name : Alamgar
Speed : 1500 rpm
Diameter of cylinder : 0.102m
Gen. set : 5 Kva
Phase : single
Load :up to 5000
No. of cylinder : single
Engine power :6.6Kw
Cylinder bore :102MM
Stroke length :116MM

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 Graphs

FIG1. Brake power Vs Brake specific fuel consumption

As water emulsion increases Brake specific fuel consumption decreases

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 Graphs

FIG2. Load Vs Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

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 Graphs

FIG3. B rake powe rVs Mechanical efficiency

The Mechanical efficiency decreases at all conditions when the percentage of water in the
emulsion is increased as shown in Figure
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 Graphs

FIG4. B rake po we r VsBrake therma l efficiency

The effect of water percentage in diesel-water emulsion on brake thermal efficiency and
indicated efficiency is shown in Figure
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 Graphs

FIG5. B rake powe r VsIndicatedtherma l efficiency

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 Graphs

FIG6. B rake po we r Vs
B rake M e an Effe ctive Pre s s ure

The brakes mean effective and indicated are decreases at all load conditions when the percentage
of water in the emulsion is increased as shown in figure
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 Graphs

FIG7. B rake Powe r Vs Indicated

M ean Effective Pressure

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 Graphs

Fig8. B rake po we r Vsvolumetric efficiency

The Volumetric efficiency increases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the
emulsion is increased as shown in figure

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 Graphs

Fig9. Loa d Vs volumetric efficiency

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 Graphs

Fig10. Loa d Vs Ex ha ust gas temperature

The Exhaust gas temperature decreases at all load conditions when the percentage of water in the
emulsion is increased as shown in figure

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Emission Standards for Diesel Engines ≤ 800 kW for Generator sets

Engine Power (P) Date CO HC PM Smoke

g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh 1/m

P ≤ 19 kW 2004 5.0 1.3 0.6 0.7

2005 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

19 < P ≤ 50 kW 2004 5.0 1.3 0.5 0.7

2005 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

50 kW < P ≤ 176 kW 2004 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

176 kW < P ≤ 800 kW 2004 3.5 1.3 0.3 0.7

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 Graphs

Fig11. Load Vs Hartridge smoke unit (Hsu).

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 Graphs

Fig12. Load Vs HC PPM

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 Graphs

Fig13. Loa d VsCO %Vo l

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 Graphs

Fig14. Load Vs CO2 %Vol

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 Graphs

Fig15. Load Vs O
2 %Vo l

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 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

DIESEL:
DENSITY : 850 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER
CALORIFIC VALUE : 42,300KJ/KG
FLASHPOINT : 480 C
FIREPOINT : 510 C
WATER EMULSIFIED DIESEL:
10% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 89.9 % Diesel
DENSITY : 831 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER
CALORIFIC VALUE : 41,425KJ/KG
FLASHPOINT : 510 C
FIREPOINT : 530 C
20% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 79.9 % Diesel
DENSITY : 828 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER
CALORIFIC VALUE : 43,595KJ/KG
FLASHPOINT : 470 C
FIREPOINT : 490 C

30% Water + 0.1 % Tween ® 20 + 69.9 % Diesel

DENSITY : 820 KG/CUBIC CENTIMETER
CALORIFIC VALUE : 4,978KJ/KG
FLASHPOINT : 450 C
FIREPOINT : 480 C
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 Drawbacks

A drawback to water—fuel emulsions is the

amount of air bubbles reportedly contained in the
emulsion mixture. Sawa and Kajitani (1992)
evaluated the effect of water—fuel emulsions on
diesel engine performance and emissions under
transient conditions. They conclude that air bubbles
in the fuel and its variability contributes to fluctuation
in the injection timing and a poorer performance
under transient conditions. They recommend removal
of bubbles from the water—fuel emulsion

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 Conclusion

From the experimental result reported here, it is concluded that

use of water emulsified diesel fuel has a potential to improve
the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine.
The test results show good agreement with previous study for
emulsified fuel referred in the literature. Switching to
emulsified fuel combustion does not require any engine
modification. The corrosion of engine components due to water
presence in the emulsion could be a problem in long run
operation of the engine. But, Kweonha Park et al., [7] argued
that water in the oil was quickly evaporated by micro-
explosion into extremely tiny droplets; this would make the
water droplets not to reach directly to the combustion chamber
wall, so there would be no corrosion on the cylinder surface.

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LOGO

BY
B.Venkatesh