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W.D.S.S. Pemasinghe
BS/2004/233
°
Why we need alternative fuels?
What are the main candidates for biofuels?
What is bioethanol?
What are the production schemes for bioethanol?
How does bioethanol become a good solution?
economic issues
environmental issues
Problems and suggested solutions
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Esvc000085.wic012u.server-web.com/pubs/biofuels.doc
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sugar ethanol
Dhe process of separating the corn kernel into starch, protein, germ and
fiber in an aqueous medium prior to fermentation
Dhe primary products
starch and starch-derived products (e.g. high fructose corn syrup and
ethanol)
corn oil, corn gluten, and corn gluten .
!
Dhe entire corn kernel is first ground into flour and the starch in the flour is
converted to ethanol via fermentation.
Other than ethanol
carbon dioxide - carbonated beverage industry
distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) - animal feed
[
]
Demperature - 32Û° and 35Û°
pH - 5.2.
Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce ethanol at
higher concentrations
Eg:- 2) sugar cane
http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/environment/research.htm
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Ethanol production using sugarcane, sugarbeet,
corn are well established.
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Õ
Õ -World Bank policy research working
paper July 2008
Food vs. Fuel crisis
land that was also formerly used to grow crops for food is now used to grow crops
for biofuels
www.agwest.sk.ca/publications/documents/BPfeb05.pdf
·
°
4 steps
1. Pretreatment
2. Hydrolysis
3. Fermentation
4. Distillation of the product mixture to
separate ethanol
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Dhe solubilization and separation of one or more of the four major
components of biomass ± hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and
extractives ± to make the remaining solid biomass more accessible to
further chemical or biological treatment.
Dhe breaking down of the glycosidic bonds in cellulose and
hemicellulose
acid hydrolysis
enzymatic hydrolysis
!
Advantages
Optimize sugar recovery
°ost effectively recover the acid for recycling
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http://www.turon.com/papers/ethanol.htm
Enzyme hydrolysis
Advantage
°ellulose enzyme production or purchase is a significant
cost in enzymatic hydrolysis under development. With
DM°, a dedicated step for production of cellulase enzyme
is not necessary.
Disadvantage
°urrently available microbes cannot do both processes
at the required efficiencies
Enzymatic conversion
Advantage
Disadvantage
°
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Advantage
Enables optimization of conditions for the enzymes.
Disadvantage
Operational and maintenance costs are high.
= ]
Fermentation of both °5 and ° sugars
Problem
Dhe ability to ferment pentoses along with hexoses is not
widespread among microorganisms.
Solution
Develop genetically modified microorganisms using recombinant
DNA technology which can ferment both forms of sugars.
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- Dhe National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
X ðn 2007, the ethanol industry provided employment for 238,000 workers in all
sectors of the U.S. economy, added $47. billion to the nation¶s GDP, and put
an additional $12.3 billion into the pockets of American consumers
( °
Dhe increase in good paying jobs as a result of the facility boosted local
household incomes by more than $100 million.
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X Uses energy from renewable energy sources; no net °O2 is added
to the atmosphere, making ethanol an environmentally beneficial
energy source
Alcoholic fermentation
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