Phùng Hà Thanh

DEVELOPING AUTONOMY IN
EFL WRITING
1
Session 2: Verbs
CONTENTS
 Review

Phùng Hà Thanh
 Sentence elements

 Verbs
 Lead-ins
 Presentation of knowledge

2
 CHOICE OF -S

Animate noun classes

Phùng Hà Thanh
Personal George Washington’s statue
names
Personal nouns
the boy’s new shirt, my sister-in-law’s

Collective pencil
nouns the government’s conviction,

the nation’s social security

Higher animals
the horse’s tail, the lion’s
3
hunger
 CHOICE OF -S
Inanimate noun classes
Geographical

Phùng Hà Thanh
Asia’s future, Hanoi’s water supply
names

Institutional the school’s history

names

Temporal a moment’s thought, today’s

nouns
business
Nouns of
the brain’s total solid weight,
special interest
to human the game’s history, science’s 4
activity
influence
CONTENTS
 Review

Phùng Hà Thanh
 Sentence elements

 Verbs
 Lead-ins
 Presentation of knowledge

5
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence

Phùng Hà Thanh
elements
Subject
Verb
Object
Complement

Adverbial 6
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence

Phùng Hà Thanh
+ Cs (1)
elements
Subject Intensive
+ A (obli)
(2)
Verb
intransitive
mono-transitive
Object Extensive
(3)
(4)

Complement transitive di-transitive (5)

complex-transitive
Adverbial (6,7)
7
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence He is lovely. SVCs (1)

intensive
He is out of the office. SVA (obli)
elements (2)
Subject
He is crying. SV (3) intransitive extensive
Verb He broke the vase. SVO (4) transitive

He sent me an e-mail. SVOO (5)

Object
He found the play SVOCo (6)
boring.
Complement He put the vase on the SVOA (obli)
table. (7)

Adverbial
Phùng Hà Thanh 8
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence
elements
Subject Stative Not progressive form

Verb E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very

Object good.
Dynamic Progressive form

Complement
E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s
Adverbial cooked.
Phùng Hà Thanh 9
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence

Phùng Hà Thanh
elements
Subject
Verb
direct (Od)
Object
indirect (Oi)
Complement

Adverbial E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a 10

postcard (Od).
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence

Phùng Hà Thanh
elements
Subject E.g.: His brother who is a teacher

Verb (Cs) considers me his best friend

(Co).
Object Subject Complement (Cs)

Complement
Object Complement (Co)
Adverbial 11
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

Sentence

Phùng Hà Thanh
elements
Subject
Verb
E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday.
Object
(Aopt)
Complement His birthday is on Tuesday. (A
optional
Adverbial obli)
12
obligatory
CONTENTS
 Review

Phùng Hà Thanh
 Sentence elements

 Verbs
 Lead-ins
 Presentation of knowledge

13
ACTIVITY 1: MISTAKE IDENTIFICATION
AND CORRECTION
 She is sleeping a book.
 I am walking my dog.

Phùng Hà Thanh
 He will die you.

 I sat a flower.

 I age my mother.

 I have flown my book.

 They started a family.

 She went the debate.

14
ACTIVITY 2: TRANSLATE THESE
PHRASES INTO ENGLISH
 Nói to
 Nói nhỏ

Phùng Hà Thanh
 Nói dài dòng

 Nói liên tục

 Khó/ dễ nói chuyện

15
ACTIVITY 3: FILL IN THE BLANKS
LIFE
BY: SHAIRA, THE PHILIPPINES
 Life is beauty, admire it
Life is bliss, embrace it
Life is a dream, grasp it

Phùng Hà Thanh
 Life is duty, complete it
Life is a gift, win it
Life is a promise, fulfill it
 Life is a song, sing it
Life is a sorrow, overcome it
Life is a struggle, fight it
Life is a tragedy, confront it
 Life is an adventure, explore it
Life is a gift, be thankful for it
Life is so precious, value it
 Life is life, live it to the fullest 16
“Somebody said to me, ‘But the Beatles

Phùng Hà Thanh
were anti-materialistic.’ That’s a huge
myth. John and I literally used to sit
down and say, ‘Now, let’s write a
swimming pool.’”
– Paul McCartney

17
 1/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classifie Functions of items

Verb d
according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

= words or phrases Complementation

indicating an
action,
Possibility of
an event, or a admitting
progressive aspect
state
E.g.: kiss, break out, Structure

have 18
 2/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Functions of items

Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

19
 3/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Functions of items

Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Regular E.g.: book, booked,

booked

Irregular E.g.: teach, taught,

taught

20
 4/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Functions of items

Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Primary

Modal

Marginal
modal
21
auxiliary
 5/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Functions of items

Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Primary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when
Modal
becoming a full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am Marginal
modal
reading. auxiliary 22
 6/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Functions of items

Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

• include: Primary
Can – could
May – Might Modal
Shall-should
Will-would
Must Marginal
modal
Ought to 23
auxiliary
 7/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Functions of items

Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Primary

Modal

Marginal
• include: used to, modal
24
auxiliary
dare, need
 8/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

25
 9/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• connect S & C E.g.: be, appear, feel,

Current look,
• have the copular
remain, seem
pattern: E.g.: become, get,
Resulting
SVC or SVA(obli) copular go,
E.g.: I feel tired. grow, turn,
make
He’s in the 26

cab.
 10/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Intransitive

Transitive

27
 11/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• require no Object
• have the pattern: Intransitive
SV
• make complete
Transitive
sense
themselves
E.g.: He’s singing. 28

The baby cried.

 12/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

Di-transitive
Transitive

Complex-
transitive
29
 13/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

• require one direct

Di-transitive
Transitive
Object (Od)
• have the pattern: SVOd
Complex-
transitive
E.g.:transitive
I kissed her. 30
He caught the ball.
 14/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

Di-transitive
Transitive

Complex-
• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect
Object (Oi) transitive 31
• have the pattern: SVOiOd
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
 15/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Complementation
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to
• require Object and Object
Intensive verbs Extensive verbs
Complement
Mono-transitive
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial Intransitive
(A(obli))
Di-transitive
• have the pattern: SVOCo or Transitive
SVOA(obli) Complex-
transitive
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
32
He sent his son to the
kindergarten.
 16/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

33
 17/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Stative verbs

= verbs that
Verbs of inert perception &
show the recognition
condition or
status and do not Relational verbs
accept the
progressive
34
aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
 18/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Stative verbs

Verbs of inert perception &

recognition

• adore, astonish, believe, hate,

Relational verbs
hear,
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you 35

He said he hated cooking.

 19/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Stative verbs

• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe,

Verbs of inert perception &
resemble, possess, recognition
sound, tend, etc.
E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs

36
 20/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs
= verbs that show the action or
the
Verbs of body
change of status sensation
E.g.: She learns English. Activity verbs
He hit me.
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t Transitional event
dynamic verb because it verbs
denotes a Momentary verbs
permanent status) 37
Process verbs
 21/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body
sensation
Activities verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, feel,
etc.Transitional event
verbs
Momentary verbs
38
Process verbs
 22/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classifie Possibility of
Verbs d
according admitting progressive

Phùng Hà Thanh
to aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body
sensation
Activities verbs

Transitional
• ask, eat, help, learn, event write
say, throw,
verbs
etc. Momentary verbs
39
Process verbs
 23/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body
sensation
Activities verbs

Transitional event
verbs
• arrive, Momentary verbs
land, leave, lose,
die etc. Process verbs 40
 24/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body
sensation
Activities verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod,
Transitional event
tap etc. verbs
Momentary verbs
41
Process verbs
 25/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Possibility of
Verbs according admitting

Phùng Hà Thanh
to progressive aspect

Dynamic verbs

Verbs of body
sensation
Activities verbs

Transitional event
verbs
• change, deteriorate, grow, mature,
Momentary verbs
slow down etc.
42
Process verbs
 26/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Structure
Verbs according
to

One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

Phùng Hà Thanh 43
 27/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Structure
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

One-word verbs

• as the name suggests, these are

verbs of ONE
WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.

44
 28/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Structure
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

Phrasal-prepositional
verbs
45
 29/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Structure
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

• turn on (the light), bring up (the

Prepositional verbs
child), hand in (the paper), give up,
take of, etc. Phrasal-prepositional
verbs
46
 30/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Structure
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

• look at (the girl), take Phrasal-prepositional

after
verbs
(somebody), look after (somebody),
etc. 47
 31/1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENGLISH
1 VERBS

classified Structure
Verbs according

Phùng Hà Thanh
to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional
• come up with, make up for, stand verbs
in for, put
up with, etc.
Phrasal-prepositional
verbs
48
 1/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS
Grammatical categories of
verbs

Phùng Hà Thanh
Tense Aspect Mood Voice

Progressiv
e
Present Indicative Active
Perfective

Past Imperative Passive

Perfective-
progressiv
e Subjunctiv
Simple
e 49
 2/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Tense = the correspondence between the form of

Phùng Hà Thanh
the verb and our concept of time
• language specific
• while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
• includes PAST and PRESENT
• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb
form corresponding to future time.

50
 3/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Aspect • the manner in which a verbal action is

Phùng Hà Thanh
experienced or regarded with respect to time
• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as
in progress
• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as
completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive
aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective
aspect)
51
• Tense & aspect are intermingled.
 4/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS
Tense & Aspect

Tense Simple Complex

Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Aspect

Present Present Present Present Present perfect

simple progressive perfect progressive

Past Past Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect

simple progressive
Phùng Hà Thanh 52
 5/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS
= a grammatical category that relates the verb
Mood action to such conditions as certainty, obligation,

Phùng Hà Thanh
necessity, possibility
Indicative = statement of E.g.: She’s nice to me.
the fact (fact - indicative)
Imperative = command, Be nice to me.
request (command - imperative)
Subjunctiv = non-fact, unreal I suggest she be nice to
e me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
53
 6/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Subjunctive mood

Phùng Hà Thanh
Mandative

Formulaic

Subjunctive
“were” 54
 7/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Subjunctive mood

Phùng Hà Thanh
Mandative • Found in “-that clause” (verbs:
recommend, demand, request, insist,
suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
Formulaic • Form: the base
• Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the
farmer kill all his chicken.
Subjunctiv It is necessary that every student pay the
e “were” tuition fee. 55
 8/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Subjunctive mood

Phùng Hà Thanh
Mandative • Found in clause in certain set
expressions
• Form: the base
Formulaic E.g.: May god bless you.
Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
Subjunctive
“were” 56
 9/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Subjunctive mood

Phùng Hà Thanh
Mandative
• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and
Formulaic
Suppose
• Form: WERE
• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything
Subjunctiv you wanted.
e “were” 57
Just suppose everyone were to give up
smoking.
 10/2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
2 OF VERBS

Voice = a grammatical category that makes it possible

Phùng Hà Thanh
to view the action of a sentence in either of two
ways, without change in the facts reported
• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor.
(passive)

58
 REFERENCES

 Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. A University

Grammar of English, NXB GTVT, 2002: Chapter

Phùng Hà Thanh
2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 7
 Slides by the Grammar group (Division of
English Linguistics, Faculty of Linguistics and
Cultures of English Speaking Countries,
University of Languages and International
Studies, Vietnam National University Hanoi)
59