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In 1517, protests against church abuses erupted into a revolt. Luther wrote 95 theses (arguments) against indulgences. In 1521, The Pope excommunicated Luther.
In 1517, protests against church abuses erupted into a revolt. Luther wrote 95 theses (arguments) against indulgences. In 1521, The Pope excommunicated Luther.
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In 1517, protests against church abuses erupted into a revolt. Luther wrote 95 theses (arguments) against indulgences. In 1521, The Pope excommunicated Luther.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme PPTX, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
A. Problems 1. Church became increasingly caught up in worldly affairs 2. The Pope competed with Italian princes for political power a.) They fought long wars to protect the Papal States against invasions by secular rulers 3. Popes were patrons of the arts and hired painters and sculptors to beautify the churches a.) To finance these projects, the Church increased fees for marriages and baptisms 4. Some clergy promoted the sale of Ȃ a lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory ( a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime) 5. Many Christians protested such practices II. Lutherǯs Protests 1. In 1517, protests against Church abuses erupted into a revolt 2. Martin Luther (a German monk) led this revolt A. The 95 Theses 1. In 1517, a priest named Johann Tetzel offered indulgences to any Christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome a.) He assured the purchasers and their dead relatives entry into heaven 2. Luther was outraged and wrote 95 theses (arguments) against indulgences. He posted it at the door of Wittenbergǯs church. They included: a.) Indulgences had no basis in the Bible b.) The Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory c.) Christians could be saved only through faith B. Luther Versus the Church 1. Copies of Lutherǯs 95 Theses were printed and distributed across Europe where they stirred furious debate 2. The Church called on Luther to p (give up) his views 3. He refused and developed even more radical new doctrines 4. In 1521 the pope excommunicated Luther 5. He was later ordered by the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, to the assembly of German princes at Worms a.) He was ordered to give up his writings b.) He refused and was declared an outlaw, making it a crime for anyone to give him food or shelter 6. Throughout Germany, thousands hailed him as a hero and followed his teachings C. Lutherǯs Teachings 1. Luther rejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation a.) He argued that salvation was achieved through faith alone 2. He upheld the Bible as the sole source of religious truth a.) He denied other authorities such as the Church councils and pope 3. He rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers a.) He believed that all Christians had equal access to God through faith and the Bible 4. He rejected 5 of the 7 sacraments because the Bible did not mention them 5. He banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints 6. He simplified the mass and emphasized the sermon 7. He permitted the clergy to marry III. Spread of Lutheran Ideas Ȃ By 1530, the Lutherans were using the name DzProtestantdz A. Widespread Support 1. Many clergy saw Lutherǯs reforms as the answer to Church corruption 2. Some German princes saw his beliefs as a way to throw off the rule of the Church and the Holy Roman emperor B. The Peasantsǯ Revolt 1. Many peasants took up Lutherǯs banner and hoped to gain his support for social and economic change 2. In 1524, a Peasantsǯ Revolt erupted across Germany a.) The rebels called for an end to serfdom and demanded other changes in their harsh lives 3. Luther favored social order and respect so he denounced the revolt C. The Peace of Augsburg 1. During the 1530s and 1540s, Holy Roman emperor Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church 2. After a number of brief wars, Charles and the princes reached a settlement 3. The Peace of Augsburg allowed each prince to decide which religion Ȃ Catholic or Lutheran Ȃ would be followed in his lands 4. Most northern German states chose Lutheranism while the south remained largely Catholic IV. John Calvin Ȃ born in France and trained as priest and lawyer A. Teachings 1. 1536 published the
a.) He set forth his religious beliefs and provided advice on how to organize and run a Protestant Church 2. Like Luther, he believed that salvation was gained through faith alone 3. He also regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth 4. He preached Ôp Ȃ the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation 5. To Calvinists the world was divided into 2 parts: saints and sinners B. Calvinǯs Geneva 1. In 1541, Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their community 2. He set up a p
Ȃ government run by church leaders 3. Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, morality 4. Citizens faced fines or other harsher punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing 5. Calvin closed theaters and frowned on elaborate dress 6. He believed in religious education for girls as well as boys 7. Also believed that women should read the Bible (in private) and allowed them to sing in church C. Spread of Calvinism 1. Spread in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, Scotland 2. Caused many bloody religious wars