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Parotid Gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
• Secretions from many minor salivary
glands in the oral mucosa (labial, lingual,
palatal, buccal,glossopalatine and
retromolar glands) also contribute (less
than 10%) to the saliva secretion
Cystatins, Amylases,
Mucins Mucins, Lipase
Anti-
Viral Digestion
Salivary
Families
Anti- Mineral-
Fungal ization
Cystatins,
Histatins
Histatins, Proline-
Lubricat- rich proteins,
Tissue ion &Visco- Statherins
Coating elasticity
Amylases,
Cystatins, Mucins,
Proline-rich proteins, Statherins
Mucins, Statherins
adapted from M.J. Levine, 1993
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF
SALIVA
• Solvent
• Buffering
• Lubrication
• Remineralization
• Digestion
• Anti-bacterial
• Anti-fungal
• Temperature regulation
• Production of growth factors and other
regulatory peptides
• Fluid or lubricant: Saliva coats the mucosa
& helps to protect against mechanical
wear ,chemical erosion and thermal
irritation.It also assists smooth
airflow,speech & swallowing.
• Phosphate
6 mmol/lt.(4 mmol/lt.in stimulated saliva)
90% in ionic form
pH around 6 -hydroxyapatite is unlikely to
dissolve
Increase of pH -precipitation of calcium salts =>
dental calculus
H2 CO3
• Buffer
• Low in unstimulated saliva, increases
with flow rate
• Pushes pH of stimulated saliva up to 8
• pH 5.6 critical for dissolution of enamel
• Defence against acids produced by
cariogenic bacteria
• Derived actively from CO2 by carbonic
anhydrase
Other ions • Fluoride
• Low concentration, similar to plasma
• Thiocyanate
• Antibacterial (oxidated to
hypothiocyanite OSCN- by active
oxygen produced from bacterial
peroxides by lactoperoxidase)
• Higher conc. => lower incidence of
caries
• Smokers - increased conc.
• Sodium, potassium, chloride, SO4
• Lead, cadmium, copper, Mg
• May reflect systemic concentrations -
diagnostics
Organic components
• Mucins
• Proline-rich proteins
• Amylase
• Lipase
• Peroxidase
• Lysozyme
• Lactoferrin
• Secretory IgA
• Histatins
• Statherin
Na+-H+ exchanger
Cl-- HCO3- exchanger
Carbonic anhydrase
Na+-H+ exchanger
HCO3- channel
Carbonic anhydrase
Na+-K+-ATPase
Ca2+ activated K+
channel
Na+-K+-2Cl--
cotransporter
Ca2+ activated Cl-
channel Adapted from Turner and Sugiya, Oral Dis. 2:3-11, 2002
Ductal modification
• Saliva entering the lumen is isotonic
• Saliva entering the mouth is hypotonic
• Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- by striated duct cells
• Similar to distal tubules of kidneys
• Ion pumps and channels
• Lumenal
• Na+-H+ exchanger
• Cl-- HCO3- exchanger
• HCO3- channel
• Na+-K+ exchanger
• Na+-Cl--cotransporter
• Basolateral
• Na+-K+-ATPase
• Cl- channel
Striated duct cell
Lumen Interstitium
Nucleus
Na+
H+
Cl- 3 Na+
HCO3- ATP
Carbonic 2K +
HCO3- anhydrase
Na+
Cl-
K+
Na+
Cl- Basolateral
Mitochondria membrane folds
• The final electrolyte composition of saliva
varies depending on the salivary flow rate
http://www.liv.ac.uk/~petesmif/teaching/1bds_mb/p4/14.gif
Secretory granules
• Complex internal structure
• Multiple types of proteins,
compacted and folded
• Membrane proteins that mediate
docking and fusion
• V(esicle)-SNARES on granule
membranes
• T(arget)-SNARES on inner side of cell
apical membrane
• A Ca2+ -dependent process
• Example of cross talk between
pathways
The other protein
pathways • Constitutive-like pathway
• Branches off from immature granules/golgi
complex
• Proteins carried in vesicles to apex - fuse
and open
• Always active - no stimulation required
• Minor regulated pathway
• Branches off from immature granules
• Proteins carried in vesicles to apex - fuse
and open
• Triggered by low levels of M3 cholinergic
agonists
• Vesicle membranes contain t-SNARES for
granules
• Both are sources of proteins in basal
and resting secretions
• Sympathetic
Exocytosis & protein metabolism modulation
Constriction of blood vessels
• Dual
Stimulation of salivary flow
Constriction of myoepithelial cells
Muscarinic messages
http://www.liv.ac.uk/~petesmif/teaching/1bds_mb/p4/15.gif
Adrenergic messages
(Noradrenaline)
http://www.liv.ac.uk/~petesmif/teaching/1bds_mb/p4/16.gif
There are 2 types of salivary secretions:
• Stimulated : can be :
Conditioned
unconditioned
Unconditioned
• Inborn
• Pavlov’s experiment
sialometry
Salivary gland secretions:
• Parotid gland:
Proteinaceous , watery serous secretion
2/3rd of salivary flow during gustatory &
olfactory stimuli
Organic (proteins inc. Enzymes; amylase) &
inorganic materials are higher
• Submandibular gland:
High mucin content, viscous/ serous
secretion
High basal flow rate
Ca is higher
• Sublingual
Higher mucin content
5% of salivary flow
• Parotid :
1. Cannulation
2. Lashley/Carlson-
Crittenden cup
• Submandibular/sublingual
:
1. Cannulation
2. Segregator( individual
prosthesis)
3. Suction
4. Wolff apparatus
Clinical implications
Saliva as a Mirror of the Body
• Tissue fluid levels of natural substances, as well as
molecules introduced for therapeutic, dependency
or recreational purposes
• Emotional status
• Hormonal status
• Immunological status
• Neurological status
• Nutritional and metabolic influences
Clinical Situations Affecting
Salivary Secretions
• Digitalis toxicity
• Drug monitoring
• Environmental pollutants
• Ovulation
• Immunodeficiency
• Pharmacological agents
• “Dry mouth” side effects, drugs with parasympathetic,
sympathetic and ganglionic blocking effects
• Direct effects- hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reaction
Applications of Sialochemistry
• Hypo/hypersecretion
Hyperfunction/ptyalism/sialorrhoe
a/hypersialia
• Drugs: bethanicol, clozapine, lithium,
physostigmine, pilocarpine, risperidone
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