ORGANIC FARMING

& BIOFERTILIZER
 World Population increases very fast

Grains and fibers must be increased

GREEN REVOLUTION
Indonesia adopted this concept in early 1970’s
Green Revolution in Indonesia:
A technology package comprises:

*Improved high-yielding varieties of crops

*Irrigation or controlled water supply

*Improved moisture utilization

*Fertilizer

*Pesticides

*Associated management skills

GREEN REVOLUTION CAUSED SERIOUS PROBLEMS:

1. The impact of pesticides on human health

2. Land degradation (erosion, acidification etc.)

3. The environmental impacts of farm practices

4. Loss of diversity of plant species in the production

5. Continual battle to overcome pest and weeds

The intensive agriculture requires the use of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides. But such
fertilizers and pesticides are not only in short
supply, they are also expensive, especially in
developing countries and its production and use
has led to degradation of air and water quality.

There is an alternative!!
Propose a concept:

Natural Agricultural production Concepts with

Biotechnology
OR

Modern Organic Farming

WHAT IS ORGANIC FARMING?

 Organic farming
• Strives for a largely closed farm cycle
• Preserves soil fertility
• Preserves air, soil and energy resources
• Provides for adequate animal housing
• Contributes to preservation of biodiversity
• Protects ground water from nitrate and pesticide
pollution
• Produces healthy food
• Ensures jobs in agriculture, food processing and
marketing
Organic farming is based upon 8 general characteristics

Ecological
Resource oriented
Health oriented
Market oriented
Esthetical
Social
Political
Ethical
 ORGANIC FARMING TECHNOLOGY

A. SOIL ASPECT
1. Application of organic matter

Advantages:
availability of nutrient
soil buffering and exchange capacity
ability of soil to resist erosion
direct physiological effect on plant growth
& soil organisms
2. Inoculation of soil organisms
Table 1. Some mechanisms used by soil inoculant
microorganisms to stimulate plant growth
Indirect Mechanisms

• A ntibiotic Production
• Depletion of Iron from the Rhizosphere
• Induced Systemic Resistance
• Synthesis of A ntifungal Metabolites
• Production of Fungal C ell Wall Lysing Enzymes
• Competition For S ites on the Root

Direct Mechanisms

• Solubilization of Phosphorus
• N itrogen Fixation (Symbiotic and N o n-Symbiotic)
• Sequestering Iron by Siderophores
• Production of Phytohormones (Auxin, Citokinin,
G ibberelin)
• Lowering Ethylene Concentration ( ACC -deaminase)
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria symbiotic (Rhizobium sp.)
on various legume crops
for reducing nitrogen fertilizer supply
Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (Anabaena azollae) from
cavities within the leaves of the ubiquitous
water fern Azolla filiculoides.

The water fern (Azolla) benefits from its

cyanobacterial partner by an "in house" supply
of usable nitrogen.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria non-symbiotic

Table 2. Some free-living soil bacteria that can function as nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Azorhizobium caulinodans Azotobacter chroococcum
Azospirillum amazonense Burkholderia cepacia
Azospirillum halopraeferens Burkholderia graminis
Azospirillum irakense Burkholderia vietnamensis
Azospirillum lipoferum Klebsiella planticola
Azospirillum brasilense Gluconacetobacter sp.
Mycorrhizal symbioses

Advantages:
•Enhancing plant nutrient adsorption
•Reducing soil born diseases
•Improving plant water resistant
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

Pseudomonas putida

Oats

Control Inoculated Inoculated Control

Earthworm and vermicompost

•Improving soil structure & fertility

•A high quality of soil organic amendment
B. AGRONOMIC ASPECT
1. Cropping Pattern

Rhizobium sp. Mycorrhizae

Crop Rotation, Inter Cropping, Multi Cropping, Mixed Cropping, Sequantial Planting
2. Plant breeding

TISSUE CULTURE

Peanut tube Transplanted plant

 Utilization of Phytate by Transgenic Plants
Richardson et al., (2001) The Plant Journal 25; 641

Phytate media: 40 days growth

35S-phyA 35S-ex::phyA

35S-phyA 35S- ext:phyA

Extracellular secretion of the microbial phytase improves

the ability of plants to utilize P from phytate
3. Weed suppressing agents

Bioherbicides have been

developed as weed-suppressing
agents for organic farming
Weed as a problem

Phytopathogenic fungi Phytophagous insects

C. PLANT PEST AND DISEASE ASPECT
1. Cultural methods
•Irrigation  moisture stress
•Natural/artificial barrier
•Lowering the soil pH
•Altering plant density
•Reducing N supply

Reduced plant pest & disease

2. Soil solarization

Soil solarization is effective in controlling soil-borne diseases

3. Plant based insecticide
4. Biological control of plant pest and disease

Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus popilliae

Biological Control Agent (predators)
 PROSPECT OF ORGANIC FARMING
IN INDONESIA

The growth of organic agriculture has to be developed from

“The Bottom Up”

Organic farming has to be socialized to farmers

In adopting some of organic farming, priority will be given to:

•Absorption of organic by-products
•Minimizing the use of agricultural chemicals
•Development of integrated bio-farming technology
 Some policy measures which are considered essential
for the promotion of sustainable agricultural development,
with conservation of bio-resources (Fujimoto, 1998).

1. Zoning for land use

2. Infra-structural improvement
3. Research and development
4. Institution building
5. Technology transfer
6. Public education
7. Regulation
 CONCLUSION
Future agricultural growth will continue to be driven by
improving the crop productivity through the biotechnology.

Organic farming economically and satisfactorily meets

the demand of society for developing agriculture which is
environmentally friendly.

Faculty of Agriculture as one of agriculture production

components must support to succeed this transitional
process by focusing the research,extention and
tutoring programs toward organic farming.
THANK YOU