Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Microorganisms
y Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen
without a microscope
y Bacteria are the smallest living organisms y Viruses are smaller but are not alive
The Prokaryotes
y Only two groups y Archaebacteria and Eubacteria y Arose before the eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Characteristics
y No membrane-bound nucleus y Single chromosome y Cell wall in most species y Prokaryotic fission y Metabolic diversity
pilus
bacterial flagellum
DNA
ribosomes in cytoplasm
Bacterial Shapes
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria Habitats
Eubacteria
y Includes most familiar bacteria y Have fatty acids in plasma membrane y Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycan y Classification based largely on metabolism
Metabolic Diversity
Bacterial Genes
Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes Can be passed from one cell to another
Prokaryotic Fission
turenotes/finished/ecolivideo.mov
Conjugation
and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. y The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
vertebrates E. coli does not normally infect us Many benefits: vitamin K and the B complex are produced by E. coli prevent colonization by pathogens stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies
hamburger incidents y Both made national news when many people became ill and some died.
waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff.
y Testing for unusual levels of these organisms is
E. coli Photos
EM cells
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/bact330/nfE.coli_colonies.jpeg
Culture plate
Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of children sickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's White Water park, has been settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday. The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whose symptoms were among the most severe of the 26 children sickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-court settlement. The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm
http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg
Unexpected Consequences
y One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moore
was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).
isc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Warning!
y The next two slides are very graphic. They show the
Severe Case
http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89
Amputee
number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )
E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)
y Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli food
poisoning outbreak which is thought to have killed three people and may have infected hundreds more.
y Salads suspected health conscious women.
E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims BBC 31 May 2011
y Spain has expressed anger at links being made
Reaction to the cucumber crisis Country Germany Action Consumers told not to eat cucumbers, lettuces and raw tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coli confirmed; 14 deaths One death and 36 suspected E. coli infections, linked to travel in northern Germany. Top European cucumber producer - threatens to seek compensation from the European Union for lost vegetables sales Ban on all imports of cucumbers, tomatoes and fresh salad from Spain and Germany pending further notice Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Some Spanish-grown cucumbers removed from sale Ban on sale of cucumbers, tomatoes and aubergines imported via Germany Reported to have banned cucumber imports from Spain Halted all cucumber shipments to Germany Testing cucumbers for
Sweden
Spain
Russia
Czech Republic
France
Austria
at their cores.
y The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggests
that bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation. y The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze at relatively warm temperatures.
y Dr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.
Salmonella
FOODBORNE ILLNESS
From CBS
y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_QPeFYTx8&f
eature=fvsr
Characteristics of Salmonella
y Gram negative y Rod shaped (bacillus) y Non-spore forming y Motile (many flagella) y Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of many
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
Gram Staining
y Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria y Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial
culture
y Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple y Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink y Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retain
y Gram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they
do not retain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye Does not work on all types of bacteria
gj_UHM&feature=grec_index
A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive cocci) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacilli)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining
bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small to be seen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are the most common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. Strains that cause no symptoms in animals can make people sick, and vice versa. If present in food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell, or appearance of the food. The bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.
y http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/in
dex.asp
Salmonellosis
y Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella.
Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.
losis/
y http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonel
Deaths
y About 142,000 (reported) Americans are
infected each year with Salmonella enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 die.[18] The shell of the egg may be contaminated with salmonella by feces or environment (common), or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shell or from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminate the egg during egg formation (unlikely). y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
chicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been linked to a salmonella outbreak that prompted the recall of more than a half billion contaminated eggs, U.S. regulators said on Thursday.
y By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET
CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs are being sent to egg processing facilities, along with fresh ones that infected hens are still producing. The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used in products like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA says it's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk to consumers. y http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835
Virus
y Noncellular infectious agent y Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleic
acid core y Cannot reproduce itself; can only be reproduced using a host cell
Helical virus
Polyhedral virus
lipid envelope; proteins span the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it
material and protein y Viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembled y New viral particles are released from cell
Lytic Pathway
Lysis
Assembly
Lysogenic Pathway
Latent period extends the cycle Viral DNA becomes part of host chromosome for a time
Translation Proteins
Assembly
y Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses y Polio y hepatitis A (HA) y Massive virus discovered in water tower
http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/virusworld/jysart/norwalk_asv2001.jpg
PORT CANAVERAL, Florida (CNN) -- Sunny skies greeted the Disney cruise ship Magic as it docked here early Saturday, carrying 195 sick passengers and crew members. Norwalk virus. (2002)
http://www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/11/30/disney.sick.cruise/
Tower
The largest virus ever discovered has been found in a water-cooling tower in Bradford, England. It was lurking inside single-celled organisms called amoebae, but its discoverers believe that it may also be capable of infecting humans.
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993559
Polio
y Small water-food borne RNA virus y In about 1% of the infected population, the virus
attacks and kills motor neurons y This results in various degrees of paralysis
http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html
Polios Effects
http://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html
http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htm
Persons at Risk
y Household contacts of infected persons y Sex contacts of infected persons y Persons, especially children, living in areas with
increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 1987-1997. y Persons traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common y Men who have sex with men y Injecting and non-injecting drug users
Red> 20
The HA World
TRANSMISSION
y HAV is found in the stool (feces) of persons with
hepatitis A. y HAV is usually spread from person to person by putting something in the mouth (even though it may look clean) that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A.
Prevention
y Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection. y Short-term protection against hepatitis A is
available from immune globulin. It can be given before and within 2 weeks after coming in contact with HAV. y Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing a diaper, and before preparing and eating food.
Vaccination
y Travelers to areas with increased rates of hepatitis
A y Men who have sex with men y Injecting and non-injecting drug users y Persons with clotting-factor disorders (e.g. hemophilia) y Persons with chronic liver disease y Children living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 19871997.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm
http://www.apotheke-im-globus-wachau.de/Service/reise http://www.webcolombia.com/health/hepatitis/sintomas.jpg
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) Chi-Chi's, the chain of Mexican restaurants, may have served its last chimichanga. Outback Steakhouse Inc. this week closed on its $42.5 million deal for the rights to 76 restaurants in the Chi-Chi's chain, which was beleaguered by bankruptcy and a hepatitis outbreak.
http://www.washtimes.com/business/20040922-091157-9257r.htm
winter. y Winters in New York are four times less humid than in summer. In Minnesota, humidity can drop five-fold. y Linking the flu to absolute humidity could help health workers prepare for outbreaks.
Viroids
y Smaller than viruses y Strands or circles of RNA y No protein-coding genes y No protein coat y Cause many plant diseases
PSTV
y Most known viroids cause diseases in plants. y The first viroid was discovered in 1971, by Diener. It's
called the potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV), y Contains a single loop of RNA y Relies wholly on enzymes all ready in the host cell
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/subcellular.html#Viroids
Vegetable MD Online
y Cornell University Ag School
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Potatoes/PotatoViruses/PotatoVirusfs1.jpg
Prions
y Small proteins y Linked to human diseases Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) y Animal diseases Scrapie in sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
officials sent warning letters to more than 500 surgery patients at the school's medical center after a brain surgery patient tested positive for a fatal disease similar to the human version of mad cow disease. Chances of infection are very low, said Dr. William Bornstein, chief quality officer for Emory Healthcare. "By using modern sterilization, this has never been transmitted," he said.
http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Living/ap20041001_1791.html