7th GROUP proudly presents...

UPSTREAM CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Introducing our members

 Diny Gustini  Lia Wiliani  Nurul Fitriani

What Is Upstream Chemical Industry ?

Upstream chemical industry is industry that only prossesing raw materials into semifinished goods. This industry just provide the raw materials for other industrial activities.

Characteristics of Upstream Chemical

Upstream chemical industry has the characteristics of capital-intensive, large scale, using advanced technology and reliability.

Products of upstream chemical industry

Upstream chemical industrie produce basic materials of : plastic textiles coatings adhesives cleaners medicines coal briquettes lubricants industrial gases explosive materials raw materials fertilizer and fertilizer product pesticide formulations and others

Polyvinyl chloride

What is PVC ?
Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Poly(chloroethanediyl)) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating vinyl groups (ethenyls) having one of their hydrogens replaced with a chloride group.

Characteristics of PVC
Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is widely used in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble.

How is PVC made?

Flow Chart

The chemical process for making PVC involves three steps:

Producing Ethylene Gas production of the monomer, vinyl chloride polymerisation process blending of the polymer with additives.

Producing Ethylene Gas

Ethylene comes from oil or natural gas which is refined and 'cracked' by heating ethane, propane or butane or naptha from oil. For example the cracking process for methane may be represented as follows: 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 The by-products of these processes is hydrogen that can be burned to provide energy on site.

Producing Vinyl Chloride

Ethylene and chlorine are combined to form a liquid, ethylene dichloride which is then heated to give vinyl chloride which is then distilled off and gives hydrogen chloride gas; H2C=CH2 + ClH2C-CH2Cl H2C=CHCl + HCl The remaining by-products are burnt to reclaim hydrogen chloride, which can be recycled and reacted with more ethylene to form new ethylene dichloride.

Producing PVC
Pressure is applied to vinyl chloride (dispersed in water as a sus pension or an emulsion) in high pressure chambers at temperatures of 50-70C. The role of water is to remove and control the heat given off in the polymerisation process. PVC forms as tiny particles which grow and when they reach a desired size the reaction is stopped and any unreacted vinyl chloride is distilled off and re-used. The PVC is separated off and dried to form a white powder.

The Blender
There are two methods in blending the additives :  One method blends all the ingredients using an intensive high-speed mixer to form a 'dry blend' powder, which is then fed into the processing equipment.  The second method blends the ingredients in either a high or low speed mixer and then the powder is transferred to a melt compounder.

Common/main additives are as follows: plasticisers heat stabilisers lubricants processing aids and impact modifiers fillers colourants flame retardants

Flow Chart

Products
Medical applications: PVC is used for blood bags and intravenous containers. PVC is also low cost and provides many uses in hospitals such as in flooring of operating theatres and mattress covers as is easy to clean and hygenic. Electical applications: PVC is a suitable insulating and sheathing material for wiring and cables used in household goods such as fridges and cookers and also office equipment such as computers and photocopiers. Vehicle applications: The use of PVC in vehicle components reduces the weight of the vehicle hence reduces fuel consumption and so conserves fossil fuels.

 Building and Construction applications: PVC resists corrosion and weathering and so has many outdoor uses such as water butts, window frames, mud flaps, water pipes and garden furniture. Toys: PVC is non-toxic, tough and durable and products can be made in a variety of colours providing the perfect material to make toys with.

Waste
the waste of PVC industry is dioxin. Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They have the dubious distinction of belonging to the dirty dozen - a group of dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants. Dioxins are of concern because of their highly toxic potential

What is the effect of dioxin to our body ?

Once dioxins have entered the body, they endure a long time because of their chemical stability and their ability to be absorbed by fat tissue, where they are then stored in the body. Their half-life in the body is estimated to be seven to eleven years. In the environment, dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain. The higher in the animal food chain one goes, the higher the concentration of dioxins.

How to prevent dioxin ?

Proper incineration of contaminated material is the best available method of preventing and controlling exposure to dioxins. The incineration process requires high temperatures, over 850C. For the destruction of large amounts of contaminated material, even higher temperatures - 1000C or more - are required.

Disposing of PVC
Recycling; a. Mechanical recycling sort the waste plastics by hand or more recently automatically, b. Feedstock recycling, alternatively the polymer can be decomposed at high temperatures and then the chemical components can be recovered and recycled. Incineration are equipped with pollution control equipment to minimize the release of emissions to the environment. Landfill is carried out for the PVC plastics that can not be recycled. Controlled landfill does not cause significant risk to the environment.

THE END . . . THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION