Chapter 3 Water and Changes of State

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Joe is buying ice kachang

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but when he reached home

My ice kachang is all watery and slushy.

What happened?
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Why did this happen?

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3 states of water
ice
(solid) It has definite shape and volume.

water
(liquid) It has definite volume but no definite shape.

steam, water vapour

(gas) It has no definite shape and volume.
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Freezing

When you put water into the freezer, water loses heat. . At 0 C, water freezes to become ice. ice.
o

water
o

loses heat

ice

0 C is the freezing point of water.

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Melting


When ice is just taken out of the freezer, the temperature of ice is o lower than 0 C. . It gains heat from the surroundings and its temperature rises to o 0 C. At 0 C, ice melts to become water. water.
o

0 C is also called the melting point of ice.

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Melting


During the process of melting, the ice gains heat but its temperature o remains at 0 C. . The heat taken in is used to change the solid ice to liquid water.

ice gains heat water

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Boiling


When water is boiled, it gains heat. . When the waters temperature reaches 100oC, water boils to become steam. steam.

water gains heat steam

100 C is called the boiling point of water.
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water boils o at 100 C

water freezes o at 0 C

ice melts o at 0 C

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Evaporation


Water on the wet clothes gains heat from the surroundings. The water evaporates to become water vapour and escapes into the air.
water gains heat water vapour

Evaporation occurs all the time and at any temperature.

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Factors
affecting the rate of evaporation
temperature wind
area of exposed surface

humidity

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The higher the temperature

the higher the rate of evaporation

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The stronger the wind

the higher the rate of evaporation

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The larger the area of exposed surface the higher the rate of evaporation

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The lower the humidity

the higher the rate of evaporation

The air in the desert is dry. So Joes sweat evaporates quickly.

The air in the jungle is humid. So Sues sweat evaporates slowly.

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Condensation
 

The cool surface of the glass cools the air surrounding it. The water vapour in the air loses heat and condenses water) (to become water) on the surface of the glass.
water vapour loses heat water

Condensation can take place at any temperature.

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Condensation
at higher temperatures
clouds

As steam loses heat, heat, it condenses to become water. water. The white clouds (that you see) are tiny water droplets.
steam loses heat water

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Losing heat
gas
(steam, water vapour)

liquid
(water)

solid
(ice)
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Gaining heat
gas
(steam, water vapour)

evaporation / boiling

liquid
(water)

melting

soli
(ice)
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What happens when other things gain heat?

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Candles are made from wax. Wax melts when it gains heat.

candles

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Butter melts when it gains heat.

butter
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The alcohol on these swabs evaporates easily when it gains heat.

alcohol
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Perfumes are liquids that evaporate easily when they gain heat.
perfumes

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3 states of water
solid
(ice)

liquid
(water)

steam, water vapour

(gas)

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At a glance


Water freezes into ice at 0 C. This is called the freezing point of water. Ice melts into water at 0 C. This is called the melting point of water. Water boils and produces steam at O 100 C. This is called the boiling point of water.
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At a glance


Water evaporates into water vapour at any temperature. Steam or water vapour condenses to become water.

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