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..\061012-child-labor[1].jpg Who are child labourers and how many? What is the dilemma? What is the solution? Conclusion By Sahil Chandani 7-D
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Child Labour
ILO : Distinguishes child labour from economically active children by asserting that a child above the age of 12 Who does light ,part time work, that is not hazardous may be economically active but is not to be counted as a child labourer India:Law India:Law Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986, 1986, seeks to prohibit employment of children below 14 years in hazardous occupations and processes and regulates the working conditions in other employments. Recently, Government has also decided to include children working as domestic servants and those working in dhabas/roadside eateries /motels etc. in the category of hazardous occupations.
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National surveys (50) ( 1998-2002) 1998Rapid assessments& Baseline studies (100) (2000(2000-2003) 246 million child labourers Worldwide ( age 5-17) 5146 million children Aged 6-11 6Out of school
Majority boys
Majority girls
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NOs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
industry (India)
Pan, Bidi & Cigarettes Construction Domestic workers* Spinning/ weaving Brick-kilns, tiles Dhabas/ Restaurants/ Hotels/ Motels* Auto-workshop, vehicle repairs Gem-cutting, Jewellery Carpet-making Ceramic Agarbati, Dhoop & Detergent making Others
%share
18 15 12 11 9.5 7.7 7 6.2 5.8 4.1 2.7 2
4
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IPEC
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A house hold sends its children to work in order to escape poverty and starvation , now There is a new law whereby firms are fined whenever they are caught using child clearly this will cause the wage for child labour to drop this is because children are now less input for firms. But this in turn will mean children will have to work even harder to be able to earn the target income (subsistencelevel) Empirically , consider a lobour market in which each household consists one adult and several children in a labour market , adults and children are perfect substitutes. The adult always supplies labour perfectly inelastically , where as children work only to the extent of 6 subsistence.
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Children will work only when adult wage rate is below s. let w be the adult wage in the economy . if w>s no child labour evolves. What happens when govt comes into picture.? Govt imposes a fine =D rupees . Let p be the probability for a firm to be caught so every time the firm will be fined = pD( punishment cost). Let Wc be the child wage rate firm will employ a child only when Wc<pD. Therefore when w<s household sends its children to work let e be the number of Children sent out to work, so e will be chosen Just to reach subsistence target. 7
Consider the case when govt tries to raise the fine . This will mean that employing children will be more expensive for the firms , because with each child there is risk of being caught and having to pay the larger fine to the govt. so as the penalty rises the market will make sure that child wage will drop. And once the child wage drops each household will be forced to send more children to work to meet the subsistence consumption target, so herein lies the essence of Pathology ,an increased fine for employing children could raise the child labour
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Concluding remarks: Which agency to control ? National government International bodies Or Ordinary consumers But again Inadequate access Northern protectionism. Direct or indirect approach . Close analysis required .
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