Evaluation

Geological Engineering Basics

GEOL 4233 Class April 21, 2008

Dan Boyd Oklahoma Geological Survey Norman, Oklahoma

Geological Engineering Overview

Reservoir Issues
Porosity Permeability Fluid Saturation

Fluid / Pressure Terminology & Concepts

Fluid (Water, Oil Gas) Pressure (Saturation, Mobility, Compressibility)

Drive Mechanisms
Oil Gas Multiphase Flow Issues (Coning)

Reservoir Management
General Principles Production Curves Improved Recovery

General Reservoir Issues

Porosity Permeability Fluid Saturations

Porosity
Storage Capacity Nominal Pay Cutoffs
Oil: 10% Gas: 8%

Porosity Types
Intergranular (clastics) Intercrystaline (carbonates) Fracture Dissolution (moldic, vuggy, cavernous)

Logs
Density Neutron Sonic

Booch Core Porosity vs. Depth

Schematic Porosity vs. Depth Plot

(Hard Rock Country)

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Permeability
Producibility Kv Kh (vertical vs. horizontal)
Conventional Reservoirs Fractured Reservoirs Unconventional Reservoirs

Relative Permeability Enhanced Permeability

Acid Treatment Fracture Stimulation

Logs
Spontaneous Potential (SP) Resistivity Suite

Booch Core Porosity vs. Permeability

(Maximum Values)

Core Porosity vs. Permeability Plot

Fluid Saturation
Water
Wetting (dewatering) Connate Irreducible (Swirr)

Oil
Water displacement (Soi) Fractured Reservoirs Unconventional Reservoirs

Gas
Molecular Size (mobility) Water/Oil displacement (Sgi)

Schematic Reservoir Grain Size vs. Water Saturation

Grain Size (permeability)

Shale (Magnified)

Water Saturation Initial (complete pore volume) Irreducible (rims only)

Reservoir Sandstone
Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum

Pores
(blue)

Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Gas Accumulations

Water Saturation vs. Porosity

(Taken from Booch Brooken Gas Field Study)
30 25 20

Porosity

15 10 5 0 40 30 20 15 10

Swi

Unconventional (Low-Perm)

Shale
(Organic-Rich)

1 Inch

Pressures / Fluids

Fluid Terminology
Water:
Connate

Movable vs. Irreducible

Schematic Reservoir Grain Size vs. Water Saturation

Grain Size (permeability)

Shale (Magnified)

Water Saturation Initial (complete pore volume) Irreducible (rims only)

Fluid Terminology
Water:
Connate

Movable vs. Irreducible

Salinity (ppm): Chlorides vs. T.D.S.

Fresh Brackish Normal Marine - Hypersaline

Secondary Recovery (Waterflood)

Compressibility (10x rule)

Water Support Likely

Water Support Unlikely

Fluid Terminology
Oil:
Gravity (API)

Viscosity (cp)

GOR (gas to oil ratio)

Saturated vs. Undersaturated (gas cap secondary gas cap)

Simple Fault Trap

(Narrow Horst)
Extensional

Fluid Terminology
Oil:
Gravity (API)

Viscosity (cp)

GOR (gas to oil ratio)

Saturated vs. Undersaturated (gas cap secondary gas cap)

Contrast with Condensate

Live vs. Dead

Sweet vs. Sour

Fluid Terminology
Gas:
Heating Value

Condensate Yield

Condensate vs. Oil

Wet vs. Dry

Sweet vs. Sour

Other Components (CO2, N2)

Pressure Terminology
Normal Pressure (hydrostatic) Under-pressure (fluid leak-off) Over-pressure (incomplete de-watering)

Measurements: Reservoir Pressure (BHP, calculated vs. measured) Flowing Tubing Pressure (FTP, at surface) Casing Pressure (between casing and tubing)

Saturation Pressures
Oil : Gas :
Bubble Point

Dew Point (retrograde occurs in reservoir)

Fluid Mobility / Compressibility

Gas

Oil

Water

Drive Mechanisms

Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

Solution Gas Drive (dissolved gas) (also called depletion)

Gas Expansion Drive (gas cap)

Water Drive

Combination Drive

Gravity Drainage

Unconformity Trap

Shallow (Low Pressure)

Schematic Gravity Drainage

Gas Reservoirs

Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanism

Dominantly Depletion

Gas

Gas / Water Contact

Coalbed Methane Production

Coalbed Methane Well (Oklahoma)

Multi-Phase Flow Issues

Gas Oil
Water

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

D6

HORIZONTAL WELLBORE TRAJECTORIES

LOWER D6 ( S 36 ) STRUCTURE NET SAND

B-92 B-98

B-69

B-54 B-46

B-176
30

B-94 B-99

S.L. S.L.

B-181 B-56
N

200

400

600

800

1000 M.

BADAK - 185 HORIZONTAL SCHEMATIC WELLBORE STRATIGRAPHY

( VERTICAL EXAGGERATION = 20X ) PILOT HOLE
TVD SS -7090
S 33
7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 9000 9200

MEASURED DEPTH

-7100
~ OIL RIM UPPER LIMIT IN PILOT

-7110

-7120
B-184 PILOT GOC

-7130
INITIAL TARGET DEPTH

S 36 BEGIN O/W TRANSITION ZONE IN PILOT

-7140

50 % Sw IN PILOT

-7150

Badak-185 Horizontal Lateral

(Elan Plus Interpretation)

Pressure Gradients

Pressure Gradients

Reservoir Management
Preservation of Reservoir Energy (pressure)
Water into the bottom Gas into the top

Long term gain for short term pain (production restraint)

General Principles

Production
Primary

Secondary (Waterflood)

Tertiary (Enhanced)

Strong City Field Gas Production

Vertical Arbuckle Gas Well

COSTI OW - WI BURTON
1,002,828

802,828

602,828 R t

402,828

202,828

2,828 1988

ti ( 1991

f) 1994 1997 Ti 2000 2003 2006 2009

        ! !     

ti

      



Oil r

ti

l)

ti

f)

Cum: 44.5 BCF

Vertical Coalbed Methane Well (Cherokee Platform)

ROSSON VERNON - HOLLOW NORTHWEST
4,137

3,137

Rat s

cti

2,137

1,137

137 1999

2000

#"

" 52 4 3 2 1

as r

c ti

( cf ) 2002 2003 Ti 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2001

" 5 2 4 32 1 0 66 52 4 3 2 1

) (% %

Oil r as r

c ti ( l) c ti ( c f )

'& $

Vertical Hartshorne Coalbed Methane Well

25,253

20,253

15,253 Production Rates

10,253

5,253

Gas Production (mcf )

253 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010

77

@9 8

ARMY C R PS

F ENG - BR

KEN

il Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf )

Horizontal Hartshorne Coalbed Methane Well

DENNY - HASKELL C U NTY CBM GAS AREA
20,025

15,025

10,025

5,025

Gas Production (mcf)

25 2005

2006 Ti

2007

2008

DC

UT RG
il Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

SQ PI Q GF H E

Vertical Woodford Gas Well

HA NIE - A LESWORTH DISTRICT SOUTHEAST
80,001

60,001

Production Rates

20,001

as Production ( cf )

1 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 Ti e 1994 Oil Production (bbl) 1998 2002 2006 2010

40,001

Oil Production (bbl) as Produc tion ( cf )

Horizontal Woodford Gas Well

83,062

63,062

ates

Produc tion

43,062

Gas Produc tion (mc f )

23,062 2006 2007 Time 2008

bd c b a

PASQ ALI - C IL S O

Oil Produc tion (bbl) Gas Produc tion (mc f )

Horizontal Woodford Gas Well

397,827

Production ates

297,827 Gas Production (mcf)

197,827 2007 Time

fg

i hg f

AN

L LIS - PIN

O LLOW SO TH

Oil Production (bbl) Gas Production (mcf)

2008

Remedial work ?

Misener Oil Well

VANN C - PERR
8,104

6,104

Production Rates

4,104

Oil Production (bbl) 104 1982 1985

1988

1991

Approximately 240 MMCF Vented

2,104

a s Production ( c f )

Cum: 670 MBO + 207 MMCF Current Rate: 24 BOPD

1994 Ti e

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

Oil Production (bbl) a s Production ( c f )

Primary Recovery

Improving Recovery
Secondary (Waterflood) Enhanced (Tertiary)

Producing Wells

Secondary Recovery
Of 60% emaining in eservoir

Injectio n Wells

Water Gas Steam Chemical Fire

Pumped into the reservoir to force additional petroleum out of the pores in the reservoir rock

Tecumseh NW Field Example of Ideal Primary Secondary Production Curve

Shawnee Lake SE Field

Secondary 2/3rds of total production

Enhanced Recovery

Postle Field Oil Production

Next:

Volumetrics