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Stages of Biotech
Ancient Classical Modern
Ancient Biotech
Begins with early civilization Developments in ag and food production Few records exist
Ancient Biotech
Archeologists research Ancient carvings and sketches sources of information
Classical Biotech
Follows ancient Makes wide spread use of methods from ancient, especially fermentation Methods adapted to industrial production
Classical Biotech
Produce large quantities of food products and other materials in short amount of time Meet demands of increasing population
Classical Biotech
Many methods developed through classical biotech are widely used today.
Modern Biotech
Manipulation of genetic material within organisms Based on genetics and the use of microscopy, biochemical methods, related sciences and technologies
Modern Biotech
Often known as genetic engineering Roots involved the investigation of genes
Ancient Biotech
Not known when biotech began exactly Focused on having food and other human needs
Ancient Biotech
Useful plants brought from the wild, planted near caves where people lived As food was available, ability to store and preserve emerged
Ancient
Food preservation most likely came from unplanned events such as a fire or freeze
Domestication
15,000 years ago, large animals were hard to capture People only had meat when they found a dead animal Came up with ways of capturing fish and small animals
Domestication
Food supplies often seasonal Winter food supplies may get quite low Domestication is seen by scientists as the beginning of biotech
Domestication
Adaptation of organisms so they can be cultured Most likely began 11,000 12,000 years ago in the middle east
Domestication
Involved the collecting of seed from useful plants and growing crude crops from that seed Involved the knowledge that the seed had to properly mature
Domestication
Proper planting Need for water, light and other conditions for plant growth Earliest plants likely grains and other seeds used for food
Domestication
Raising animals in captivity began about the same time in history Easier to have an animal close by that to hunt and capture a wild one
Domestication
Learned that animals need food and water Learned about simple breeding How to raise young
Domestication
Cattle, goats and sheep were the first domesticated food animals
Domestication
About 10,000 years ago, people had learned enough about plants and animals to grow their own food The beginning of farming.
Food
Domestication resulted in food supplies being greater in certain times of the year Products were gathered and stored
Food
Some foods rotted Others changed form and continued to be good to eat Foods stored in a cool cave did not spoil as quickly
Food
Foods heated by fire also did not spoil as quickly Immersing in sour liquids prevented food decay
Food preservation
Using processes that prevent or slow spoilage Heating, cooling, keeps microorganisms (mos) from growing
Food preservation
Stored in bags of leather or jars of clay Fermentation occurs if certain mos are present Creates an acid condition that slows or prevents spoilage
Cheese
One of the first food products made through biotechnology Began some 4,000 years ago Nomadic tribes in Asia
Cheese
Strains of bacteria were added to milk Caused acid to form Resulting in sour milk
Cheese
Enzyme called rennet was added Rennet comes from the lining of the stomachs of calves
Cheese
Rennet is genetically engineered today Not all cheese is made from produced rennet
Yeast
Long used in food preparation and preservation Bread baking Yeast produces a gas in the dough causing the dough to rise
Yeast
Fermented products Vinegar Require the use of yeast in at least one stage of production
Yeast
Species of fungi Some are useful Some may cause diseases
Vinegar
Ancient product used to preserve food Juices and extracts from fruits and grains can be fermented
Fermentation
Process in which yeast enzymes chemically change compounds into alcohol In making vinegar the first product of fermentation is alcohol
Fermentation
Alcohol is converted to acetic acid by additional microbe activity Acid gives vinegar a sour taste Vinegar prevents growth of some bacteria
Vinegar
Keeps foods from spoiling Used in pickling Biblical references to wine indicate the use of fermentation some 3,000 years ago
Fermentation control
In ancient times, likely happened by accident Advancements occurred in the 1800s and early 1900s
Fermenters
Used to advance fermentation process Specially designed chamber that promotes fermentation
Fermenters
Allowed better control, especially with vinegar New products such as glycerol, acetone, and citric acid resulted
Development
Of yeasts that were predictable and readily available led to modern baking industry
Antibiotics
Use of fermentation hastened the development of antibiotics A drug used to combat bacterial infections
Antibiotics
Penicillin Developed in the late1920s Introduced in the 1940s First drug produced by microbes
Antibiotics
Many kinds available today Limitations in their use keep disease producing organisms from developing immunity to antibiotics
Antibiotics
Use antibiotics only when needed. Overuse may make the antibiotic ineffective when really needed later
Antibiotics
Some disease organisms are now resistant to certain antibiotics Used in both human and vet medicine
Modern Biotech
Deals with manipulating genetic info Microscopy and advanced computer technology are used In-depth knowledge of science
Modern Biotech
Based on genetics research from the mid 1800s
Genetics
Study of heredity Most work has focused on animal and plant genetics Genes determiners of heredity
Genes
Carry the genetic code Understanding genetic structure essential for genetic engineering
Heredity
How traits are passed from parents to offspring Members of the same species pass the characteristics of that species
Heredity
Differences exist within each species. Differences are known as variability
Heredity &variability
Are used in modern biotechnology
Modern Biotech
Use of biotech to produce new life forms Emerged in mid 1900s Made possible by rDNA technology
rDNA
Recombinant DNA Process Genetic material is moved from one organism to another Materials involved are quite small
rDNA
Challenging and often controversial Many have opposing or negative views of biotechnolgy
People in Biotech
Zacharias Janssen Discovered the principle of the compound microscope in 1590 Dutch eye glass maker
Anton V.L.
Work led to modern microscopes Electron microscope developed in 1931 by group of German scientists
Gregor Mendel
Formulated basic laws of heredity during mid 1800s Austrian Botanist and monk Experimented with peas
Mendel
Studied inheritance of seven pairs of traits Bred and crossbred thousands of plants Determined that some traits were dominant and other recessive
Mendel
Findings were published in 1866 Largely ignored for 34 years
Walter Sutton
Determined in 1903 that chromosomes carried units of heredity identified by Mendel Named genes in 1909 by Wilhelm Johannsen, Danish Botanist
Ernst Ruska
Build the first electron microscope in 1932 German electrical engineer Microscope offered 400X magnification
Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin in 1928 First antibiotic drug used in treating human disease Observed growth of molds (Penicillium genus) in a dish that also contracted bacteria
Alexander Fleming
Bacteria close to the molds were dead Extracting and purifying the molds took a decade of research Penicillin first used in 1941
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin credited with saving many lives during WWII when wounded soldiers developed infections.
Rosalind Franklin
Set up X ray diffraction lab Photographs of DNA showed that it could have a double helix structure
Rosalind Franklin
Some questions surround the theft of her work in 1952 Including x ray photographs
Watson
Born in the US Crick born in England Collaborative research at Cambridge University in England
Norman E. Borlaug
Developed wheat varieties producing high yields Research in Mexico Semi dwarf varieties Developed wheat variety that would grow in climates where other varieties would not
Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 Credited with helping relieve widespread hunger in some nations
Ian Wilmut
Cloning of a sheep named Dolly in 1997 Produced from tissue of an adult sheep Previous cloning efforts had been from early embryos
Research
Use of systematic methods to answer questions. Problems may be basic or applied
Basic
Require generating new info to gain understanding Applied involve use of knowledge already acquired.
Research
Supplies facts that can be used to improve a process or product Settings range from elaborate labs to field plots
Field Plot
Small area of land that is used to test questions or hypothesis Belief is that same result would be obtained if carried out on larger scale
Field Plots
Often tested several times Known as replication
Research
Done by agencies, universities, private companies, individuals Biotech research in ag is carried out by ag experiment stations and large corporations
Development
Creation of new products or methods based on findings of research Carefully studied before being put into full scale use
Development
New products tested before approval Government agencies such as the FDA are involved Prototype is developed research model that is carefully tested
Prototype
Becomes a pattern for the production of similar products After being fully tested, full scale production begins.