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Introduction
What is a Boiler?
Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to a process
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Introduction
STEAM TO PROCESS
EXHAUST GAS VENT
STACK
DEAERATOR
PUMPS
ECOECONOMINOMIZER
VENT
BOILER
BURNER WATER SOURCE
FUEL
BRINE CHEMICAL FEED SOFTENERS
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Type of Boilers
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(Your Dictionary.com)
Comes in complete package Features High heat transfer Faster evaporation Good convective heat transfer Good combustion efficiency High thermal efficiency Classified based on number of passes
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Oil Burner
Type of Boilers
4a. Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler
Most common FBC boiler that uses preheated atmospheric air as fluidization and combustion air
Type of Boilers
4c. Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Boiler
Solids lifted from bed, rise, return to bed Steam generation in convection section Benefits: more economical, better space utilization and efficient combustion
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Tangential firing
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User equipment
4. Fluid returned to heater
Exhaust
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Assessment of a boiler
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Heat balance: identify heat losses Boiler efficiency: determine deviation from best efficiency
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Stack Gas
FUEL INPUT
STEAM OUTPUT
Blow Down
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73.8 %
1)
DIRECT METHOD:
2) INDIRECT METHOD:
The efficiency is the different between losses and energy input
The energy gain of the working fluid (water and steam) is compared with the energy content of the boiler fuel.
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hg -the enthalpy of saturated steam in kcal/kg of steam hf -the enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg of water Parameters to be monitored: - Quantity of steam generated per hour (Q) in kg/hr - Quantity of fuel used per hour (q) in kg/hr - The working pressure (in kg/cm2(g)) and superheat temperature (oC), if any - The temperature of feed water (oC) - Type of fuel and gross calorific value of the fuel (GCV) in 26 kcal/kg of fuel UNEP 2006
Disadvantages
No explanation of low efficiency Various losses not calculated
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Principle losses:
i) Dry flue gas ii) Evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel iii) Evaporation of moisture in fuel iv) Moisture present in combustion air v) Unburnt fuel in fly ash vi) Unburnt fuel in bottom ash 28 vii) Radiation and other unaccounted losses UNEP 2006
Disadvantages
Time consuming Requires lab facilities for analysis
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Continuous
Ensures constant TDS and steam purity Heat lost can be recovered Common in high-pressure boilers
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Efficient heat transfer only if boiler water is free from deposit-forming solids
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b) Demineralization
Complete removal of salts Cations in raw water replaced with hydrogen ions
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Mechanical de-aeration
O2 and CO2 removed by heating feed water Economical treatment process Vacuum type can reduce O2 to 0.02 mg/l
De-aerated Boiler Feed Water
Storage Section
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Reversed osmosis
Higher concentrated liquid pressurized Water moves in reversed direction
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Fresh Water
Water Flow
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Causes:
Air shortage, fuel surplus, poor fuel distribution Poor mixing of fuel and air
Oil-fired boiler:
Improper viscosity, worn tops, cabonization on dips, deterioration of diffusers or spinner plates
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