Chapter 4 Loops

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth
Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Inc.rights reserved. 0132130807 All rights reserved. 0132130807
Accumulators
finding a sum
Counting

negative numbers prime numbers times a certain number or word occurs
Reading input

file (until the end of the file) keyboard (until a sentinel is entered)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
Suppose that you need to print a string (e.g., "Welcome to Java!") a hundred times. It would be tedious to have to write the following statement a hundred times: System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); So, how do you solve this problem?
Problem:
System.out.println("Welcome System.out.println("Welcome System.out.println("Welcome System.out.println("Welcome System.out.println("Welcome System.out.println("Welcome 100 times to to to to to to Java!"); Java!"); Java!"); Java!"); Java!"); Java!");

System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
Websters Dictionary
iterate: 2) to do (something) over again or repeatedly. iterative: 1) repeating; making repetition
American Heritage Dictionary

iteration: 3) Computer Science a) The process of repeating a set of instructions a specified number of times or until a specific result is achieved. b) One cycle of a set of instructions to be repeated.
Loop
the entire loop block of code one pass through a loop block
Iteration
repeating a set of instructions one cycle of a set of repeating instructions e.g. how many iterations will this loop run for?
Loop Control Variable (LCV)

a variable used to control the number of loop iterations
Block
a set of Java instructions that are fenced off from the surrounding code e.g. if statements, loops, main method, standalone block
Local Variable
a variable that is declared inside of a block it is visible, useable, and alive only until that block ends
Declaration vs. Initialization

datatype and variable name declare a variable the first value assigned to a variable is the initialization where a variable is declared determines its visibility and life
Like if statements, they are controlled by boolean expressions Java has three kinds of repetition statements:
while do...while for
The programmer should choose the right kind of loop for the situation
Keep going while some condition is true When the number of loop iterations is unknown Pretest loop structure
If test fails body does not execute Loop will execute 0 or more times
1. Test the boolean expression 2. True

a. Execute the statements inside the loop (the loop block) b. Go back to step 1
3. False: Go to the next statement following the loop block
while (<condition>) { statement(s); }
//Example: int n = 1; while (n < 100) { sum += n; n++; }
int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java"); count++; }
12
while (loop-continuation-condition) { // loop-body; Statement(s); }
int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

count = 0;
oop Continuation Condition? true Statement(s) (loop body)
false
(count < 100)?
false
true System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++;
( )
(B)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All 13 rights reserved. 0132130807
animation
Initialize count
14
animation
(count < 2) is true
15
animation
Print Welcome to Java
16
animation
Increase count by 1 count is 1 now
17
animation
(count < 2) is still true since count is 1
18
animation
19
animation
Increase count by 1 count is 2 now
20
animation
(count < 2) is false since count is 2 now
21
animation
The loop exits. Execute the next statement after the loop.
22
Often the number of times a loop is executed is not predetermined. You may use an input value to signify the end of the loop. Such a value is known as a sentinel value.
23
A sentinel-controlled loop can be implemented using a confirmation dialog. The answers Yes or No to continue or terminate the loop. The template of the loop may look as follows: int option = 0; while (option == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) { System.out.println("continue loop"); option = JOptionPane.show onfirmDialog(null, " ontinue "); }
24
Dont use floating-point values for equality checking in a loop control.
Since floating-point values are approximations for some values, using them could result in imprecise counter values and inaccurate results. Consider the following code for computing 1 + 0.9 + 0.8 + ... + 0.1:
double item = 1; double sum = 0; while (item != 0) { // No guarantee item will be 0 sum += item; item -= 0.1; } System.out.println(sum);
Variable item starts with 1 and is reduced by 0.1 every time the loop body is executed. The loop should terminate when item becomes 0. However, there is no guarantee that item will be exactly 0, because the floating-point arithmetic is approximated. This loop seems OK on the surface, but it is actually an infinite loop.
25
Keep going while some condition is true When unknown number of loop iterations Posttest loop structure

If test fails loop does not execute again Loop will execute 1 or more times Body of loop executed at least once
general
specific
1. Execute the statements inside the loop (the loop block) 2. Test the boolean expression
a. True: Go back to step 1 b. False: Go to the next statement following the loop block
do { statement(s); }while (<condition>);
//Example: int number; int sum = 0; Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in) do{ System.out.print("Enter an int, 0 to end: "); String number = input.nextInt(); sum += number; }while (number != 0);
When the number of loop iterations is known
loop control variable
Pretest loop structure

If test fails body does not execute Loop will execute 0 or more times
1. Declare and initialize the LCV 2. Test the boolean expression 3. True
a. Execute the statements inside the loop (the loop block) b. Execute the iteration expression c. Go back to step 2
4. False: Go to the next statement following the loop block
for (<initialization>;<test>;<iteration exp>) { statement(s); }
//Example: for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { System.out.println("Iteration: " + (i + 1)); }
for (initial-action; loopcontinuation-condition; action-after-each-iteration) { // loop body; Statement(s); }

nitial Action
int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

i=0
Loop ontinuation on ition true Statement(s) (loop o y) Action After Eac
false
(i < 100) true System.out.println( "Welcome to Java");
false
teration
i++
(A)
( )
33
animation
Declare i
34
animation
Execute initializer i is now 0
35
animation
(i < 2) is true since i is 0
36
animation
int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }
37
animation
Execute adjustment statement i now is 1
38
animation
(i < 2) is still true since i is 1
39
animation
40
animation
Execute adjustment statement i now is 2
41
animation
(i < 2) is false since i is 2
42
animation
Exit the loop. Execute the next statement after the loop
43
The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma-separated expressions. The action-after-each-iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma-separated statements. Therefore, the following two for loops are correct.
for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++));
for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) { // Do something }

44
If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted, it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a), which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:
for ( ; ; ) { // Do something }
(a) Equivalent
hile (true) { // Do something }

(b)
45
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:
Logic Error
for (int i=0; i<10; i++); { System.out.println("i is " + i); }
46
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:

int i=0; Logic Error while (i < 10); { System.out.println("i is " + i); i++; }
In the case of the do loop, the following semicolon is needed to end the loop.
int i=0; do { System.out.println("i is " + i); i++; orrect } while (i<10);
47
The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of these three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following figure can always be converted into the following for loop in (b):
while (loop-continuation-condition) { // Loop body }
(a) Equivalent
for ( ; loop-continuation-condition; ) // Loop body }

(b)
A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the following while loop in (b) except in certain special cases (see Review Question 4.17 for one of them):
for (initial-action; loop-continuation-condition; action-after-each-iteration) { // Loop body; }
(a) Equivalent
initial-action; while (loop-continuation-condition) { // Loop body; action-after-each-iteration; }

(b)
48
Use the loop construct that is most intuitive and comfortable for you. In general, a for loop may be used if the number of repetitions is known for example, when you need to print a message 100 times.
A while loop may be used if the number of repetitions is not known (sentinel value) Reading the numbers until the input is 0.
A do-while loop can be used to replace a while loop if the loop body has to be executed before testing the continuation condition.
49
Numeric errors involving floating-point numbers are inevitable. This section discusses how to minimize such errors through an example.
50
Java keyword Immediately ends the innermost loop that contains it. Generally used with an if statement
public class Test reak { public static void main(String[] args) { int sum = 0; int number = 0; while (number < 20) { number++; sum += number; if (sum >= 100) { break; } } System.out.println("The number is " + number); System.out.println("The sum is " + sum); } }
52
Java keyword End the current iteration

NOT the entire loop Control goes to the END of the current loop body
Generally used with an if statement
public class Test ontinue { public static void main(String[] args) { int sum = 0; int number = 0; while (number < 20) { number++; if (number == 10 || number == 11) { continue; } sum += number; } System.out.println("The sum is " + sum); } }
54
Beware of infinite loops

Double-check test condition
Watch for off by 1 Perform a walk-through to check your loop
The statement(s) inside of the loop are indented to indicate that relationship The use of a consistent indentation style makes a program easier to read and understand Although it makes no difference to the compiler, proper indentation is crucial
"Always code as if the person who ends up maintaining your code will be a violent psychopath who knows where you live." -- Martin Golding
Loo for while dowhile
S nta
for (<init>; <test>; <iteration exp>) { statement(s); } while (<test>) { statement(s); } do { statement(s); }while (<test>);

Chapter 4 Loops

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth

negative numbers prime numbers times a certain number or word occurs

American Heritage Dictionary

Loop Control Variable (LCV)

Declaration vs. Initialization

1. Test the boolean expression 2. True

3. False: Go to the next statement following the loop block

while (<condition>) { statement(s); }

//Example: int n = 1; while (n < 100) { sum += n; n++; }

int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java"); count++; }

while (loop-continuation-condition) { // loop-body; Statement(s); }

int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

oop Continuation Condition? true Statement(s) (loop body)

(count < 100)?

true System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++;

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

(count < 2) is true

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

Print Welcome to Java

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

Increase count by 1 count is 1 now

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

(count < 2) is still true since count is 1

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

Print Welcome to Java

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

Increase count by 1 count is 2 now

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

(count < 2) is false since count is 2 now

int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

Dont use floating-point values for equality checking in a loop control.

do { statement(s); }while (<condition>);

When the number of loop iterations is known

loop control variable

Pretest loop structure

4. False: Go to the next statement following the loop block

for (<initialization>;<test>;<iteration exp>) { statement(s); }

//Example: for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { System.out.println("Iteration: " + (i + 1)); }

for (initial-action; loopcontinuation-condition; action-after-each-iteration) { // loop body; Statement(s); }

int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

Loop ontinuation on ition true Statement(s) (loop o y) Action After Eac

(i < 100) true System.out.println( "Welcome to Java");

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

Execute initializer i is now 0

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

(i < 2) is true since i is 0

Print Welcome to Java

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

Execute adjustment statement i now is 1

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

(i < 2) is still true since i is 1

Print Welcome to Java

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

Execute adjustment statement i now is 2

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

(i < 2) is false since i is 2

int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); }

for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) { // Do something }

hile (true) { // Do something }