BY: PHILIP GARCIA SANTIAGO

EC 424- Computer System

CAPTURE, STORAGE, PROCESSING AND REDISPLAY

Computers have different ways of encoding, storage, processing and redisplay. Most printer and display equipment, whatever its style of input, does operate by presenting a two dimensional pixel array for the eye to view. Pixel- is the smallest addressable screen element in raster graphics; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled. Although some early graphics display terminals worked by stroking lines into the screen in a programmed sequence, these vector displays have been completely displaced by the bitmap raster (television-like) types, which are cheaper to manufacture and deal much more easily with colour images as well as line diagrams.

THE CATHODE RAY TUBE

The CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), remains the core of most desktop terminals, despite its size and weight. an electron tube, or evacuated glass container, having at one end a cathode, or negative electrode, and a device called an electron gun that projects a beam of electrons against a luminescent screen at the opposite end of the tube. A bright spot of light appears wherever the electrons strike the screen. Electrons are emitted from a heated cathode in the electron gun. A series of grids having a positive potential with respect to the cathode accelerate the electrons as they pass. The electrons next pass through a series of doughnut-shaped anodes that focus the stream of electrons so that they strike the luminescent screen as a fine point. Between the electron gun and the screen are either two sets of electric deflecting plates or two sets of magnetic deflecting coils. Electric deflecting plates are used in small CRTs.

Cutaway rendering of a color CRT: 1.) Three Electron guns (for red, green, and blue phosphor dots) 2.) Electron beams 3.) Focusing coils 4.) Deflection coils 5.) Anode connection 6.) Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of displayed image 7.) Phosphor layer with red, green, and blue zones 8.) Close-up of the phosphor-coated inner side of the screen

THE CATHODE RAY TUBE In CRTs containing electric deflecting plates, a horizontal pair of plates controls the up-and-down motion of the electron beam, and a vertical pair controls the left-to-right motion of the beam. In each pair of plates, one plate has a negative charge of electricity, and the other plate has a positive charge. If the charges are equal in value, the beam will strike the center of the luminescent screen. If the charges are unequal, the electron beam will be deflected. The amount of deflection depends on the voltage applied to the plates. As the signal applied to the horizontal plates varies, so will the spot of light on the face of the tube, which will move up or down in response to the changes in voltage. If the voltage of the vertical plates is varied, the beam of electrons can be made to sweep horizontally across the face of the tube.

 LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays)

 have been universally adopted for portable computers, where the extra cost is offset by the advantages of reduced weight, size and power consumption.

A LIQUID CRYSTAL PANEL

LCDs  Liquid Crystal, substance that behaves like both a liquid and a solid. The molecules in liquid crystals can move past each other relatively easily, much like molecules in a liquid. However, all the molecules in a liquid crystal tend to be oriented in the same manner, much like the molecular arrangement in a solid crystal. Liquid crystals retain their dual liquid and solid nature only over a certain range of temperatures and pressures.  At sufficiently high temperatures or low pressures, the orientational order relaxes into random molecular rotations, causing a liquid crystal to become an ordinary liquid. At sufficiently low temperatures or high pressures, molecules in a liquid crystal cease being able to easily move by each other, and the liquid crystal freezes into an ordinary solid.  The many classes of liquid crystals include nematic, cholesteric, and various kinds of smectic phases, each characterized by a different spatial arrangement of the molecules. The optical properties of a liquid crystal can often be manipulated by subjecting the liquid crystal to a magnetic or electric field that changes the orientation of its molecules.

LED SCREEN TECHNOLOGY

LED Monitor: LED monitor is the new version of LCD monitor, which uses LEDs to illuminate the display. Now only Samsung and LG are manufacturing LED Monitor in market. How this works: LED is a diode that emits light. It works like LCD but its backlight is different. Technology behind it: LED monitor use LED backlight replacing the standard cold cathode fluorescent lamps which was used in LCD monitor. Its a new version of LCD by replacing backlight. Why it is better: It is better because it needs less electricity than LCD. It is also better than plasma. LED monitor is thin than LCD and Plasma monitor. LED monitors are eco friendly too.

A video card, video adapter, graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card is an expansion card whose function is to generate output images to a display. Many video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TVtuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games. co-processing greatly benefits the overall system performance because it reduces data transfer delays across the buses and relieves the CPU of routine low-level tasks. The ISA bus bottleneck has also been bypassed, first by the faster PCI bus, and more recently the AGP slot, which can transfer data between main memory and the graphics card at 266 Mbyte/s. Graphics accelerators come in a wide variety of forms and capabilities. In general there are two markets: commercial machines running Windows and domestic machines running games. With the change from digital to analogue signalling, the socket connecting monitors to the graphics adapter card was changed from the older DB-9 to the high density DB-15.

Video Graphics Array (VGA) (DB-15) VGA connectors and cables carry analog component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals, and VESA Display Data Channel (VESA DDC) data. In the original version of DE-15 pinout, one pin was keyed and 4 pins carried Monitor ID bits which were rarely used; VESA DDC redefined some of these pins and replaced the key pin with +5 V DC power supply. Some problems of this standard are electrical noise, image distortion and sampling error evaluating pixels. Digital Visual Interface (DVI) Digital-based standard designed for displays such as flat-panel displays (LCDs, plasma screens, wide high-definition television displays) and video projectors. In some rare cases high end CRT monitors also use DVI. It avoids image distortion and electrical noise, corresponding each pixel from the computer to a display pixel, using its native resolution. It is worth to note that most manufacturers include DVI-I connector, allowing (via simple adapter) standard RGB signal output to an old CRT or LCD monitor with VGA input.

 Computer display standards or display modes have been used in the

history of the personal computer. They are often a combination of display resolution (specified as the width and height in pixels), color depth (measured in bits), and refresh rate (expressed in hertz). Associated with the screen resolution and refresh rate is a display adapter. Earlier display adapters were simple frame-buffers, but later display standards also specified a more extensive set of display functions and software controlled interface.

The drum is first sprayed with negative electrons which will only escape leak away if the surface is exposed to bright light. The laser diode source is modulated (turned on and off) by a signal derived from the bit image of the page to be printed, which has already been built in the local memory. The black ink powder is fed onto the main drum from the toner hopper using a smaller drum rotating at twice the speed. This drum has a magnet inside which attracts the toner dust, and a magnetized blade helps to distribute it evenly over the surface. As the spreader drum rotates towards the main drum, the toner particles are attracted by electrostatic force onto the main drum, but only where the laser beam has not discharged. There is no direct contact between the two drums. The toner particles are then contact transferred onto the paper, which is heated to fuse the toner permanently into the surface of the paper.

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