DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION The ancient file processing system Disadvantages of file processing system Concept of database Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Database Users Advantages of database management systems Database applications

Example: Savings Bank 1.Details of customers 2.Accounts details 3.Transaction made by customers 4.Transactions inside the bank 5.Updating of any details 6.Generation of monthly reports. etc 7.

Disadvantages of file processing system Data redundancy and inconsistency Difficulty in accessing data Data isolation Integrity problems Atomicity of updates Concurrent access by multiple users Security problems

Data
Data is a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means.

Eg:- number, word

Data represents information and we perform operations on data.

Database
It is a well-organized collection of data that are related in a meaningful way which can be accessed in different logical orders but are stored only once.

Main features of data in a database are:

It is well organized It is related It is accessible in different orders without great difficulty. It is stored only once.

Database (continued)
The data in the database is persistent, integrated, structured and shared. Integrated data:- Redundancy can be eliminated. Shared data:- Data can be shared by different users for different applications simultaneously. Persistent data:- If some process enters the data into the database then it can be subsequently removed from the database only by some explicit request to remove. Then this data is said to be persistent.

Database Management Systems

sCollection of interrelated data sSet of programs to access the data sManage large bodies of information sDBMS contains information about a particular enterprise sDBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and

efficient to use.
sAdvantages can be categorized into three Providing maintenance of data Providing access to data Maintaining security of data

DBMS consists of

A collection of interrelated and persistent data. This part of DBMS is usually referred to as the database (DB). A set of application program used to access, update and manage that data. This portion forms the data management system (MS).

The goal of DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in

Retrieving information from the database; and

A Database Management System (DBMS) is the software Storing information into the database. system that allows users to define, create and maintain a database and provides controlled access to the data.

Data are of two types in database 1.The collection of information needed by the organization 2.metadata, which is the information about the database Data Dictionary or Catalog Information about the users, privileges and the internal structure of the database. Privileges mean the permissions of each user to access the database

Simplified database system environment

Example of a simple database

Main Characteristics of the Database Approach

Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints) The description is called meta-data. This allows the DBMS software to work with different database applications.

Insulation between programs and data:

Called program-data independence. Allows changing data structures and storage organization without having to change the DBMS access programs.

Example of a simplified database catalog

Main Characteristics of the Database Approach (continued)

Data Abstraction:
A data modelis used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database. Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data storage details

Support of multiple views of the data:

Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes only the data of interest to that user.

Main Characteristics of the Database Approach (continued)

Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:
Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update the database. Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction has its effect permanently recorded in the database OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of database applications. This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second.

Database Users
Users may be divided into
Those who actually use and control the database content, and those who design, develop and maintain database applications (called Actors on the Scene), and Those who design and develop the DBMS software and related tools, and the computer systems operators (called Workers Behind the Scene).

Database Users
Actors on the scene
Database administrators:
Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations.

Database Designers:
Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs.

Categories of End-users
Actors on the scene (continued)
End-users: They use the data for queries, reports and some of them update the database content. End-users can be categorized into:
Casual: access database occasionally when needed Nave or Parametric: they make up a large section of the enduser population.
They use previously well-defined functions in the form of canned transactions against the database. Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire shift of operations.

Categories of End-users (continued)

Sophisticated:
These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities. Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the stored database.

Stand-alone:
Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications. An example is a tax program user that creates its own internal database. Another example is a user that maintains an address book

Advantages of Using the Database Approach

Controlling redundancy in data storage and in development and maintenance efforts.
Sharing of data among multiple users.

Restricting unauthorized access to data. Providing persistent storage for program Objects Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for efficient Query Processing

Advantages of Using the Database Approach (continued)

Providing backup and recovery services. Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of users. Representing complex relationships among data. Enforcing integrity constraints on the database. Drawing inferences and actions from the stored data using deductive and active rules

Database Applications:

5Banking: all transactions 5Airlines: reservations, schedules 5Universities: registration, grades 5Sales: customers, products, purchases 5Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain

5Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax

deductions

TERMINOLGY Entity: things that exists and distinguishable; example; chair, person, qualification Attributes : entities have properties called attributes, which associate a value from a domain of values for that attribute with each entity in entity set. Key: an attribute or set of attributes whose values uniquely identify each entity in an entity set is called key for that entity set. Relationship: a relationship among entity sets is simply an ordered list of entity sets.

TERMINOLGY Data abstraction Physical level :how the data is actually stored Logical level :what data are stored in the database and what relationship exists among those data View level : users are shown only required information.

View of Data

Instances and Schemas

Schema the logical structure of the database Instance the actual content of the database at a particular point in time

5Physical schema: database design at the physical level 5Logical schema: database design at the logical level 5Subschema: several subschema are there for view level

Data independence

The ability to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema definition in the next higher level is called data independence.

Physical data independence: is the ability to modify the physical schema without causing application programs to be rewritten. Logical data independence: is the ability to modify the logical schema without causing application to be rewritten.

Database languages
Data definition language : Specification notation for defining the database schema. A database schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called data definition language. (DDL). DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary. Data Manipulation Language: A data manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate model. There are two types Procedural DML: require a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. Non-procedural DML: require a user to specify what are needed without specifying how to get those data.