Chapter 6

Skin and the Integumentary System

6-1

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Types of Membranes

A. Serous membranes 1. Line thorax and abdomen and cover organs within cavities. 2. Epithelium and loose connective tissue 3. Secrete serous fluid

6-2

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

B. Mucous membranes 1. Line cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body a. Oral and nasal cavities b. Openings of the digestive reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems. 2. Epithelium and connective tissue with specialized cells 3. Secrete mucus
6-3

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C. Synovial membranes 1. Line the joint cavities. 2. Connective tissues and secrete lubricating synovial fluid. D. Cutaneous membranes 1. Skin

6-4

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Skin and Its Tissues

A. The skin is the largest organ B. Responsible for: 1. Maintaining homeostasis through temp. regulation 2. Protects underlying tissues 3. Prevents water loss 4. Houses sensory receptors 5. Synthesizes chemicals 6. Excretes wastes

6-5

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C. Layers
1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Subcutaneous layer

6-6

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1. Epidermis a. Stratified squamous epithelium b. Lacks blood vessels c. Reproducing cells in the stratum basale at the base of the epidermis contains dermal blood vessels.

6-7

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

d. Keratinization dead cells push to the surface and harden e. Layers Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane

6-8

6-9

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

f. Function
1. Protects against water loss, injury, chemicals, and microorganisms.

g. Melanocytes
1. Deep in the epidermis and underlying dermis 2. Pigment, melanin protects deeper cells ultraviolet rays. 3. Pass melanin to nearby cells by cytocrine secretion.
6 - 10

6 - 11

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

h. Skin Color 1. Genetic differences result from differing amounts of melanin and the size of melanin granules 2. Sunlight causes darkening of skin as melanin production increases

6 - 12

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Dermis a. Binds epidermis to underlying tissues b. Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers within a gel-like ground substance. c. Blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin and help regulate temperature. d. Contains nerve fibers, sensory fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
6 - 13

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)

connective tissue and insulating adipose tissue. b. Binds skin to underlying organs and contains blood vessels.

a. Loose

6 - 14

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Accessory Organs of the Skin

1. Hair Follicles
a. Nearly all regions of the skin. b. Individual hairs develop at the base of the hair follicle when the lower epidermis dips down into the dermis. c. Keratinization forms the hair shaft.

6 - 15

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6 - 16

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

d. Arrector pili muscle 1. Attach to each hair follicle. 2. Cause goose bumps. e. Hair color 1. Melanin from melanocytes is responsible for most hair colors 2. Red hair contains the pigment, trichosiderin.
6 - 17

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Sebaceous Glands (holocrine glands)

a. Associated with hair follicles b. Secrete sebum to waterproof and moisturize hair shafts.

6 - 18

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Nails a. Protective coverings on ends of fingers and toes.

b. Consist of stratified squamous epithelial cells c. Lunula - most actively growing region of the nail root.

c. Keratinization

6 - 19

6 - 20

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous glands)

a. Eccrine respond to body temperature b. Apocrine respond to body temperature, stress, and sexual arousal. c. Ceruminous glands secrete wax in the ear canal.

d. Mammary glands secrete milk.

6 - 21

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Regulation of Body Temperature

A. Vital to maintaining metabolic reactions. B. Hypothalamus controls regulation. C. Active cells, such as those of the heart and skeletal muscle, produce heat. D. Excessive heat - dilation of dermal blood vessels and sweating. E. Excessive cooling - constricting dermal blood vessels, inactivating sweat glands, and shivering.

6 - 22

6 - 23

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Healing of Wounds and Burns

A. Inflammation - blood vessels dilate and become permeable 1. Cause tissues to become red and swollen B. Superficial cuts are filled in by reproducing epithelial cells. C. Deeper cuts are closed off by clots, covered by scabs, and eventually filled in by fibroblasts. 1. Blood vessels extend into the area, injured tissues are replaced, and the scab falls off
6 - 24

Burns
First Degree Epidermis only Second Degree Epidermis and dermis Third Degree Destroys epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs
6 - 25

Common Skin Disorders

6 - 26

Acne Vulgaris
These include blackheads, whiteheads (comedones), the larger papules (pimples) and later, pustules and large cysts.

6 - 27

Birthmarks

Hemangioma many blood vessels in one area

6 - 28

Skin Cancer
From Epithelial cells Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma From Melanocytes Cutaneous melanomas

6 - 29

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

6 - 30

Basal Cell Carcinoma

6 - 31

Malignant Melanoma

6 - 32

Uncommon Skin Disorders

6 - 33

Blue Man

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/2253

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/ 22534645#32774369

6 - 34

Hypertrichosis Werewolf Disease

http://abcnews.go.com/Vide

6 - 35

Harlequin Ichthyosis

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/template/ver1-0/tem

6 - 36

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Stretchy skin syndrome

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0PlwgJ2

6 - 37

Tree man

http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=555

6 - 38