Engine Performance Parameters

Dr. Firman Hartono

Engine Performance Parameters

Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat:
  

Menyebutkan parameter-parameter performa mesin Menjelaskan perbedaan static thrust, gross thrust dan net thrust Menjelaskan pengaruh kecepatan, tekanan, temperatur dan ketinggian pada thrust Menjelaskan matching aircraft - engine

Referensi: P. Hill, and C. Peterson, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1992

Principle of Thrust
 

Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction). In any propulsion system, a working fluid is accelerated by the system and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the system (Newtons second law).

Thrust

The Thrust Equation

General thrust equation can be derived from continuity and momentum laws without the need for detailed consideration of the internal mechanisms of particular engines

For the system described above:

 1 T ! ma ?  f ue  u A pe  pa Ae

Gross, Net and Specific Thrust

Gross Thrust Thrust produced when the engine is not in motion

 Fg ! ma ue
Net Thrust Nozzle unchoked Nozzle choked Thrust produced when the aircraft is flying

Fn ! a ? e  u A u
Fn ! a ? e  u A pe  pa u
e

in the equations, f is assumed to be much less than one Specific Thrust Net thrust per unit of inlet air mass flow rate

Force Distribution
When the internal mechanism of the engine is considered, one can calculate the engines force distribution

thrust exist when total internal force act forward

Thrust / Shaft Horse Power

THP=Thrust x Aircraft Speed x conversion factor (hp) in International System
m Thrust N v Aircraft Speed s THP ! W 745 hp

for turboprop, the engines available power rated in shaft horse power or equivalence shaft horse power

ESHP ! SHP  Jet Thrust v Aircraft Speed hp

Specific Fuel Consumption

s.f.c = the amount of fuel consumed per unit thrust or power

sfc !

 mf T

For turboprop and turboshaft engine

bsfc !

 mf Pshaft

If Pshaft is replaced by Peqiv = Pshaft + Thrust x A/c Speed, bsfc becomes ebsfc (equivalence brake specific fuel consumption)

Engine Performance
Propulsion efficiency
thrust power Lp ! rate of production of propellant kinetic energy

or

Lp !

Tu
ue2 u 2  1 ma   f  2 2

For turboprop
Lp ! propeller thrust po er shaft po er
or

Lp !

Tpr u
s

Engine Performance
Thermal efficiency
rate of production of propellant kinetic energy
Lth !

total energy consumption rate

or

ue2 u 2  1 ma   f  2 2 Lth !  m f QR

For turboprop
Lth ! shaft po er total energy consumption rate

or

Lth !

Total efficiency
thrust power L0 ! total energy consumption rate

or

L0 !

Tu  m f QR

For turboprop
L0 ! propeller thrust po er total energy consumptio n rate

or

L0 !

Tpr u  m f QR

 mf

or

L 0 ! L pLth

Factors Affecting Thrust

Design or Operating factors
     

Revolution per minute (rpm) Exhaust nozzle area Rate of fuel consumption Bleed air Turbine Inlet Temperature Water injection

Non-design factors
   

Flight speed Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Humidity

Factors Affecting Thrust

RPM

Flight Speed

Factors Affecting Thrust

Air Pressure

Air Temperature

Factors Affecting Thrust



  

The temperature of the air drops with an increase of altitude from its standard sea level condition, so does the pressure Temperature drops increases density Pressure drops decreases density The decrease in density caused by the dropping pressure more than overcomes the increase cause by the lowering temperature and the air density decreases as altitude increases The decrease in density drops the thrust After 10,800 m, the air temperature no longer decreases and the thrust drops more rapidly

Aircraft Engine Matching

Aircraft Characteristics Lift and Drag

since then At cruise:

Aircraft Engine Matching

Engine Characteristics

Typical Turbofan Characteristics

Aircraft Engine Matching

Aircraft Range

L0 !

Tu  m f QR

Range is directly proportional to: Engine overall efficiency Aircraft aerodynamic efficiency Energy contained in fuel

Ex.
Berikut performa turbojet hasil pengukuran static thrust pada ketinggian sea level (biru):
14.0000

Exper

ent

Ref [ 8]

Exper 12.0000 25

(g s)

0.6

(g s)

hrust (Kg)

Fuel flo

0.4 0.3 0.2

ir mass flo

4.0000 0.1 0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 0.0000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 2.0000

Engine

Engine

Engine

ada putaran maksimum 108000 rpm, berapakah thrust? ada thrust tsb, jika tidak terjadi choking pada nosel, berapakah kecepatan gas keluar exhaust? Berapakah s.f.c? Berapakah efisiensi thermal, efisiensi propulsive dan efisiensi total?

0.5

10.0000

20 15 10 5 0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

8.0000

6.0000

ir m ass flo

vs Engine

Exper

ent

Ref [ 4]

hrust vs Engine
ent

Fuel flo

vs Engine

Ref [ 4]

Questions?