CDMA Technology

CONTENTS
CDMA Principle SPREADING SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE CODES IN CDMA CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE CDMA Network Architecture HAND OFFS EVDO technology

TWO METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION Subscriber Exchange

Copper Local Loop

Subscriber

Exchange

FSU Wireless Local Loop

BTS

BSC

WHAT IS MULTIPLE ACCESS ?

NUMBER OF USERS ACCESS AND SHARE TRANSMISSION MEDIUM BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE

FOR COMMUNICATION AT THE SAME TIME.

MULTIPLE ACCESS MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSIONS.

SHARING FINITE SPECTRUM AMONG LARGE NO. OF SIMULTANEOUS USERS. NO PRE-ASSIGNED CIRCUIT TO ANY USER. ANY USER CAN ACCESS ANY CIRCUIT AND MAY ACCESS DIFFERENT CIRCUITS FOR DIFFERENT CALLS. DEMAND ASSIGNED CIRCUITS ON FIRST COME FIRST SERVE BASIS. PRIVACY. TRUNKING EFFICIENCY; THEREBY IMPROVEMENT IN SYSTEM CAPACITY.

MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

FDMA is a multiple access method in which users are assigned specific frequency bands. The user has sole right of using the frequency band for the entire call duration.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In TDMA an assigned frequency band shared among a few users. However, each user is allowed to transmit in predetermined time slots. Hence, channelization of user is achieved through separation in time.

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

LARGE NUMBER OF TRANSMISSIONS ARE COMBINED ON THE SAME RF CHANNEL AT THE SAME TIME BUT ARE SEPERATED BY CODES.

MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

F R E Q U E N C

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA
Y TIME
RK/TR/ALTTC 7 WILL/ overview

CDMA: Code Division Multiple CDMA is a method in which users occupy the same time and frequency allocations, and are channelized by unique assigned codes. The signals are separated at the receiver by using a correlator that Access accepts only signal energy from the desired channel. Undesired signals contribute only to the noise. A CDMA system uses effective power control process.

Advantages:The main advantages of this technology are:

1. Fast Network deployment. 2. Reduced service interruptions. 3. Low Maintenance & operational cost. 4. Better system coverage flexibility 5. Higher capacity 6. Easy transition to mobile services.

Salient Features of CDMA It is an advanced comm. Technology. It has Anti-jam and security features. Large capacity as compared to other Technology. like FDMA and TDMA. It uses spread spectrum technology. Better use of the multipath. Frequency Reuse.

Frequency Reuse In CDMA reuse patterns are not required. Subscriber in every cell can use the same frequency at the same time. Subscriber is discriminated from another by the assignment of a unique code to every conversation. In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.

B C C G D A D F B E C B A G

E G F C

D B A E

F C D B

Frequency Reuse pattern of 7 (FDMA)

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

A A A A

A A A A

A A A A

CDMA Frequency Reuse

Frequency Bands
CDMA 824- 849 MHz 869- 894 MHz 1850- 1910 MHz 1930- 1990 MHz

PCS

CDMA channel is 1.25 MHz wide and there is a separation of 45 MHz in the forward and the reverse channel in case of cellular band & and 80 MHz in case of PCS band. CDMA Channel in 800 MHz band 45 MHz

1.25 MHz

1.25 MHz

CDMA Channel in PCS band 80 MHz

1.25 MHz

1.25 MHz

SPREADING SPECTRUM Shannons Equation C= W Log (1+S/N) Where C=Capacity (bps) W=Bandwidth S=Signal Power N=Noise Power Shannons Capacity Equation is basis for spread spectrum. System with large band width can operate at very low SNR level & can provide acceptable data rate per user. Therefore in CDMA - All users uses same 1.25 MHz spectrum. - Each user has unique Digital code identifier. - Digital codes separate users to avoid interference.

SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES 1. Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum:

Spreading can also be achieved by hopping the narrowband information signal over a set of frequencies. The type of spreading can be classified as fast or slow depending upon the rate of hopping to the rate of information.

2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:

The information signal is inherently narrowband, on the order of less than 10KHz. The energy from this narrowband signal is spread over a much larger bandwidth by multiplying the information signal by a wideband spreading code. DSS technique is used in the IS-95 CDMA cellular system.

Direct Sequence Spread using Walsh code  Consist of 64 orthogonal codes each 64 bits long  Spreads spectrum to 1.2288 M bps from 9.6 Kbps Channel Capacity  C=W log (1+S/N)  Increasing BW improves Signal Transmission with lower S/N

Narrow Band Waveform

Power Spectral Density

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Noise Level

Spread Waveform

Frequency

PROCESSING GAIN
One of the major advantages with an SS system is its robustness to interference. The system processing gain Gp quantifies the degree of interference rejection. The system processing gain is the ratio of RF bandwidth to the information rate:

Gp =W/R =1.2288x 106 /9.6 x 103 =128 dBgain =10log 128

10

=21

Spread spectrum principle: Originally spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise tospread spectrum. A spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.

A number of spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum Thus the entire bandwidth available in the band will be used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time. On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and information content is recovered. The other user signals, whose codes do not match contribute only the noise and are not de-spread back in bandwidth. This transmission and reception of signals differentiated by codes using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of users is known as code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-

TX
USER INPUT 10011 01101001100101100110

RX

USER OUTPUT

Cell

Cell

10011

10011001100110011001 CODE User Input Spreading Sequence TX Data 1 1001 0110 0 1001 1001 0 1001 1001

10011001100110011001 CODE 1 1001 0110 1 1001 0110

Spreading Codes
cdmaOne systems use two types of code sequences: Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes). Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. Long codes (242 =4400 Billion) Short codes (215 =32768)

Walsh Codes:In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by Unique Walsh code. These are
(a) (b) (c) 64 codes of 64 Bit Length. Forwarded traffic channel Codes. All codes are orthogonal to each other.

(d) These codes provide Isolation between multiple signals transmitted by base stations

The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows: (a)Repeat the function right (b)Repeat the function below (c) Invert function (diagonally)
Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials. (b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls) scrambled. (c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls. (d) This code is unique for every subscriber. (e) It is known as user address mask or user identification. (f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same codes are used. (g) Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps)

SHORT CODES (a) This PN sequence is based on 215 characteristics polynomial. (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Differentiates cells and sectors. Identifies cells and sectors. Consist of codes for I & Q chls. Each cell uses different codes. Repeats every 26.67 msec (at a clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps)

CDMA Channels Forward Link Channels Pilot Channel Sync Channel Paging Channels Traffic Channels Reverse Link Channels Access Channels Traffic Channels

cdmaOne Modulation
Information A/D Vocoder Information Bits FEC Code symbols

Spreading code generator

Chips Spreader

PSK

Forward Traffic Channel Generation

I PN

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1

R=1/2
19.2 ksps Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver

Power Control bit

Wt

Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps

R=3/4

19.2 ksps

1.2288 Mcps

User Address Mask (ESN)

1.2288 Mcps Long Code PN decimator 64:1

decimator

800bps

24:1 O PN

Reverse Traffic Channel Generation

I PN

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1

Orthogonal

R=1/3
Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver 28.8 ksps

Modulation 307.2 KHz Data Burst Rand.

Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps

R=1/2

1.2288 Mcps

User Address Mask (ESN)

1.2288 Mcps Long Code PN

O PN

Hand offs
Softer handoff Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS) Can have upto 3or 6 sectors involved (same cell) Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one cell to BSC Make before break Soft handoff Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS) Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA) Each cell provides voice data to BSC Voice data is selected at SVC to vocoder in BSC Make before break

INTRODUCTION TO EV-DO/EV-DV

EV-DO/EV-DV
In the era of convergence of Internet and mobile technologies and computing power on mobiles it has become imperative to have higher throughput on mobile devices. EV-DO / DV is a mobile technology that facilitates higher throughput on mobile platform.

EV-DO
Downlink data rates :
up to 2.4576 Mb/s in Rev. 0 up to 3.1 Mb/s in Rev. A.

Reverse Link data rates

153.6 kbps. IP Based System better spectral Efficiency

EV-DO
Forward link uses CDMA/TDM. No backward-compatibility with CDMA 2000, EV-DO supports only data services. Provides Adaptive modulation and coding Provides an always-on operation EV-DO uses three modulation schemes in Forward link (QPSK, 8-PSK and 16-QAM) and one in Reverse Link (BPSK).

Applications of EV-DO/EV-DV
Fast Wireless Internet Access, Multiple 3D media games, Entertainment audio,video clips, Sports clips, News videos, Weather videos, etc

EVDO vs. Other 3G Technologies: Peak Data Rates

CDMA 2000-1x EVDV CDMA 2000-1x EVDO W-CDMA EDGE CDMA 2000-1x RTT GPRS 3072 kbps 2,400 kbps 2,000 kbps 384 kbps 144 kbps 115 kbps