CIRCULATION

Introduction Gross Anatomy of Heart Mechanism of Working of Heart Origin and Conduction of Heart Beat Mechanism of Blood clotting Blood Pressure Disorders - MI, Cyanosis

Circulation Continuous flow of fluids like blood, lymph and extra cellular fluid Circulation William Harvey (1628) Columbus of Blood Circulation

Open Type Blood flows through spaces in between the cells Annelida, Mollusca & Arthropoda Closed Type Blood flows in definite blood vessels Man

Cardio-vascular System Heart Pumping Device Blood Vessels Arteries, Veins & Capillaries Circulating Fluid - Blood

Gross Anatomy Heart Highly specialized, pumping organ Weight 250-300 gms Size Closed fist Length - 12cm , Width-9cm Centre of the chest, above the diaphragm, in between the lungs in a space called mediastinum

Heart Wall 3 Layers Outer Pericardium Middle Myocardium Inner Endocardium

Pericardium Outer most layer

Outer Parietal layer Inner Visceral Pericardium

(Epicardium) Between the two layers is the Pericardial Fluid. Protects the heart from mechanical shocks and provides frictionless contraction.

Myocardium Present below Pericardium Consists of specialized muscle tissue called cardiac muscle Involuntary in Function Endocardium Innermost layer of the Heart, lined by Endothelium

Four Chambers 2 Upper Atria 2 Lower Ventricles ATRIA (Right, Left) Thin Walled, Smaller than Ventricles Separated by Inter-atrial Septum (Muscles) RA Deoxygenated Blood from two veins: Superior Venacava Inferior Venacava

Right Atrium (RA) It also receives deoxygenated blood from Coronary Sinus Sino-atrial Node (SAN), situated close to the opening of superior venacava Left Atrium (LA) Receives oxygenated blood from Lungs by 4 pulmonary veins

Ventricles Thick Walled, Larger than Atria. Ventricles are separated by Interventricular septum

Right Ventricle (RV) leads into Pulmonary Artery Takes Deoxygenated Blood to the Lungs for Oxygenation Light Ventricle (LV) leads into AORTA, which supplies the oxygenated blood to different parts of the body

RA opens into RV 3 flaps, Tricuspid Valve (Right atrio-ventricular valve) Prevents back flow of blood LA opens into LV 2 flaps, Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve, Left atrio-ventricular valve) Near the Pulmonary artery and aorta 3 Semi-lunar Valves

Inner surface of Ventricles Pyramid like Muscular Projections, PAPILLARY MUSCLES These muscles are attached to tricuspid and bicuspid valves by Chordae Tendinae

Mechanism of working of Heart Heart Muscles Contraction and Relaxation Contraction Systole Relaxation Diastole Cardiac Cycle, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output

CARDIAC CYCLE It is the sequence of cyclical events taking place between a systole and a diastole of the heart. Atrial Systole, Ventricular Systole, Cardiac Diastole (Joint Diastole)

Atrial Systole Contractions of atria compress the opening of veins, which prevents the back flow of blood. This also opens tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Blood atria ventricles (Diastole) Entry of blood into ventricles causes Semilunar Valves to close. This produces the sound DUP

Ventricular Systole Atria Diastole Contraction of Ventricles causes tricuspid and bicuspid valves to close. This produces the sound LUBB Atrial pressure decreases, Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through superior and inferior venacavae. At the same time, oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium through pulmonary veins.

 During this period, AV Valves (tri & bicuspid) close, which causes an increase in ventricular pressure and forces the semilunar valves to open. This causes deoxygenated blood to flow into Pulmonary Artery and the oxygenated blood into the Aorta

Complete Cardiac Diastole Atria and Ventricles relax Blood from Superior Venacava & Inferior Venacava enter into Right Atrium. Blood also enters from the Pulmonary Veins into Left Atrium. As the AV valves are open, Blood flows from the Atria into Ventricles without any pressure. These cyclical events are called a Heart Beat.

Heart Rate (No. of beats/min): 70 to 72 0.8 Seconds Systole 0.27 seconds Diastole - 0.53 seconds Alternate rhythmic contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles followed by a period of pause

Stroke Volume It is the volume of blood pumped by one of the ventricles per heart beat, 8oml of blood/heart beat.

Cardiac Output It is the volume of blood pumped by one of the ventricles per minute.
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate 80 x 72 = 5760ml of blood/minute 1 ventricle = 5760ml of blood Failure of Ventricle to pump the blood leads to accumulation and causes back pressure Heart Failure

Double Circulation
Blood enters and leaves the heart in two different circulatory pathways in a single ventricular systole. Pure and Impure does not mix Systemic Circulation (Greater) Pulmonary Circulation (Lesser)

Systemic Circulation Oxygenated blood Left Ventricle Aorta Different parts of the body Deoxygenated Blood Upper part of the body SV Lower part of the body IV These venacavae pour blood into RA, which completes Systemic Circulation.

Coronary Circulation Oxygenated Blood Muscles via Coronary Arteries (base of the Aorta) Deoxygenated Blood is collected Muscles of the Heart by Coronary veins. These unite to form coronary sinus, which opens into RA (Valve of Thebesius)

Pulmonary Circulation Deoxygenated blood from RV Lungs by Pulmonary Artery. Oxygenated blood LA by 4 Pulmonary Veins This completes Pulmonary Circulation

Origin & Conduction of Heart beat

Neurogenic & Myogenic Hearts Neurogenic Heart beat initiated by Brain Invertebrates, Myogenic Heart beat initiated by Cardiac Muscles Molluscs & Vertebrates

 SINO ATRIAL NODE (SAN) Associated Pathways ATRIO VENTRICULAR NODE (AVN) Associated Pathways SAN Mass of Specialized Cardiac Muscles, situated in the RA, very close to opening SV. Atrial Pathways Spreads over Atria Internodal Pathways Connects SAN with AVN

AVN Specialized mass of cells, present in Interatrial Septum Bundle of His Travels down and divides into two branches Purkinje Fibres Branch out in the walls of the ventricles

Function of the Conducting System

SAN produces 70-80 signals/minute. Each signal initiates a heart beat. SAN Pacemaker AVN produces 40-60 signals/minute.

 Blood RA, SAN gets excited, signals produced pass in different directions over walls of atria through Atrial Pathways . Thus, both atria contract, pumping blood into Ventricles Signal is picked up by AVN through Internodal Pathway. Slight Delay From AVN Bundle of His Purkinje Fibres to the Walls of Ventricles and both ventricles contract