Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off
taking canal. Diversion head taking canal. Diversion headwork provides an obstruction work provides an obstruction
across a river, so that the water level is raised and water is across a river, so that the water level is raised and water is
diverted to the channel at required level. The increase diverted to the channel at required level. The increase
water level helps the flow of water by gravity and results in water level helps the flow of water by gravity and results in
increasing the commanded area and reducing the water increasing the commanded area and reducing the water
fluctuations in the river. Diversion head fluctuations in the river. Diversion headwork may serve as work may serve as
silt regulator into the channel. Due to the obstruction, the silt regulator into the channel. Due to the obstruction, the
velocity of the river decreases and silt settles at the bed. velocity of the river decreases and silt settles at the bed.
Clear water with permissible percentage of silt is allowed to Clear water with permissible percentage of silt is allowed to
flow through the regulator into the channel. To prevent the flow through the regulator into the channel. To prevent the
direct transfer of flood water into the channel. direct transfer of flood water into the channel.
nctions of a Headwork
A headwork serves the following
prposes
A headwork raises the water level in the river
!t regulates the intake of water into the canal
!t also controls the entry of silt into the canal
A headwork can also store water for small periods of time.
Reduces fluctuations in the level of supply in river
Types of Headwork's Types of Headwork's
8torage headwork 8torage headwork
Diversion headwork Diversion headwork
Component parts of Diversion Headwork Component parts of Diversion Headwork
Types of Diversion head works Types of Diversion head works
Temporary: Temporary:
8purs Bunds 8purs Bunds
Permanent Permanent
Components Components
Weir or Barrage Weir or Barrage
Divide Wall Divide Wall
Fish Ladder Fish Ladder
Approach Canal Approach Canal
8ilt prevention device 8ilt prevention device
Canal head regulator Canal head regulator
River training works River training works
Location of Headwork's Location of Headwork's
Location of Headwork's Location of Headwork's
Rocky Stage Rocky Stage
Sub mountainous or boulder stage: boulder or gravel Sub mountainous or boulder stage: boulder or gravel
Alluvial plan Alluvial plan
%ocky stage: %ocky stage:
River steep slope, high velocity River steep slope, high velocity
Advantages: Advantages:
ood foundation at shallow depth ood foundation at shallow depth
Comparatively silt free water for turbines Comparatively silt free water for turbines
High head for hydro High head for hydroelectric work electric work
isadvantages: isadvantages:
ong ong length of canal. !n reach soil is good for agriculture. length of canal. !n reach soil is good for agriculture.
Nore cross damage works Nore cross damage works
Nore falls (ground steep gradient Nore falls (ground steep gradient lined to permit high velocity) lined to permit high velocity)
Costly head regulator excluding shingle Costly head regulator excluding shingle
Frequent repairs of the weirs. Frequent repairs of the weirs.
Component parts of Diversion Head Works Component parts of Diversion Head Works
Guide Bank: Guide Bank:
Guide Bank are earthen embankments with stone pitching in the slopes facing water. Guide Bank are earthen embankments with stone pitching in the slopes facing water.
to guide the river through the barrage. These river training works are provided for to guide the river through the barrage. These river training works are provided for
rivers flowing in planes. upstream and downstream of the hydraulic structures or rivers flowing in planes. upstream and downstream of the hydraulic structures or
bridges built on the river Guide banks guide the river water flow through the bridges built on the river Guide banks guide the river water flow through the
barrage barrage
2River Training Works: 2River Training Works:
t includes guide banks. marginal bunds. spurs etc Functions are as follows. t includes guide banks. marginal bunds. spurs etc Functions are as follows.
To provide and non To provide and non- -tortuous approach to weir tortuous approach to weir
To prevent the river from out To prevent the river from out- -flanking the weir flanking the weir
To prevent additional area to be submerged due to afflux To prevent additional area to be submerged due to afflux
To prevent erosion of the river banks {protective works To prevent erosion of the river banks {protective works
Marginal Bunds: Marginal Bunds:
Marginal bunds are flood embankments in continuation of guide banks designed to Marginal bunds are flood embankments in continuation of guide banks designed to
contain the floods within the flood plain of the river Both height and length vary contain the floods within the flood plain of the river Both height and length vary
according to back water effect caused by the barrage They are not provided with according to back water effect caused by the barrage They are not provided with
stone pitching and fully cover the back stone pitching and fully cover the back- - water length water length
2 8purs: 2 8purs:
Marginal bunds are also called as 8purs' Marginal bunds are also called as 8purs'
Component parts of Diversion Head Works Component parts of Diversion Head Works
Divide Wall: Divide Wall:
t is a long wall constructed at right angle to the weir axis t is t is a long wall constructed at right angle to the weir axis t is
extended up to the upstream end of the canal head regulator n extended up to the upstream end of the canal head regulator n
case of one canal off case of one canal off- -taking from each bank taking from each bank
2Canal Head Regulator : 2Canal Head Regulator :
These are the structure constructed at the head {off take of the These are the structure constructed at the head {off take of the
canal adjacent to the under sluices ts function is canal adjacent to the under sluices ts function is
To admit water into the off taking canal To admit water into the off taking canal
To regulate the supplies into the canal To regulate the supplies into the canal
To indicate the discharge passed into the canal from design To indicate the discharge passed into the canal from design
discharge formula discharge formula
and observed head of water on the crest and observed head of water on the crest
To control the silt entry into the canal To control the silt entry into the canal
During heavy floods. it should be closed otherwise high silt quantity will During heavy floods. it should be closed otherwise high silt quantity will
leave to the canal leave to the canal
of the river. one divide of the river. one divide- -wall is provided on front of each of the head wall is provided on front of each of the head
regulators of the off takes 8imilarly on the d/s side it should extend to regulators of the off takes 8imilarly on the d/s side it should extend to
cover the hydraulic hump and the resulting turbulence The main cover the hydraulic hump and the resulting turbulence The main
functions are as follows; functions are as follows;
To generate a parallel flow and thereby avoid damage to the flexible To generate a parallel flow and thereby avoid damage to the flexible
protection protection
area of the undersluice portion area of the undersluice portion
To keep the cross To keep the cross- -section. if any. away from the canal section. if any. away from the canal
To serve as a trap for coarser bed material To serve as a trap for coarser bed material
To serve as a side To serve as a side- -wall of the fish ladder wall of the fish ladder
To separate canal head regulator from main weir To separate canal head regulator from main weir
Fish Ladder: Fish Ladder:
t is a narrow trough opening along the divide wall towards t is a narrow trough opening along the divide wall towards
weir side provided with baffles {screen to control the weir side provided with baffles {screen to control the
flow of the liquid. sand etc. so as to cut down the flow of the liquid. sand etc. so as to cut down the
velocity of flowing water from u/s to d/s location of fish velocity of flowing water from u/s to d/s location of fish
ladder adjacent to divide wall is preferred because there ladder adjacent to divide wall is preferred because there
is always some water in the river d/s of the under sluice is always some water in the river d/s of the under sluice
only t may be built within the divide wall only t may be built within the divide wall
A fish ladder built along the divide wall is a device designed A fish ladder built along the divide wall is a device designed
to allow the fish to negotiate the artificial barrier in to allow the fish to negotiate the artificial barrier in
either direction n the fish ladder. the optimum velocity either direction n the fish ladder. the optimum velocity
is {6 is {6- -8 ft/sec this can be at Maralam Oadirabad & 8 ft/sec this can be at Maralam Oadirabad &
Chashma barrages Chashma barrages
Fish move from u/s to d/s in search of relatively warm water Fish move from u/s to d/s in search of relatively warm water
in the beginning of water in the beginning of water
and return u/s for clear water before the onset of monsoon and return u/s for clear water before the onset of monsoon
2 Main Weir And mpervious Floor: 2 Main Weir And mpervious Floor:
The obstruction constructed across the river is weir mpervious layer consist of u/s apron. The obstruction constructed across the river is weir mpervious layer consist of u/s apron.
u/s glacis. crest. d/s glacis and downstream apron u/s glacis. crest. d/s glacis and downstream apron
ts function is to raise water level locally and divert supplies into the canal Main concentration is ts function is to raise water level locally and divert supplies into the canal Main concentration is
on raising the water level and taking care of the disturbances causes by the hydraulic jump on raising the water level and taking care of the disturbances causes by the hydraulic jump
3 Flexible Apron: 3 Flexible Apron:
A flexible apron is placed d/s of the filter of the filter and consists of boulders large enough not to A flexible apron is placed d/s of the filter of the filter and consists of boulders large enough not to
be washed away by the highest likely water velocity The protection is enough as to cover the be washed away by the highest likely water velocity The protection is enough as to cover the
slope of scour depth ie {2 slope of scour depth ie {2 depth of scour on u/s side and {2 depth of scour on u/s side and {2 scour depth on the d/s side at scour depth on the d/s side at
a slope of3 a slope of3
4 Crest: 4 Crest:
Crest is the weir surface at the required height above the floor at which gates rest at its Crest is the weir surface at the required height above the floor at which gates rest at its
closed position closed position
5 Pervious Floor: 5 Pervious Floor:
{Upstream Talus and Downstream Talus {Upstream Talus and Downstream Talus
t prevents scouring under the impervious floor t prevents scouring under the impervious floor
To serve as inverted filter To serve as inverted filter
To check scour downstream To check scour downstream
To withstand high velocities d/s of the hydraulic jump To withstand high velocities d/s of the hydraulic jump
According to hosla's theory the range of According to hosla's theory the range of
exit gradient is 6 to7. exit gradient is 6 to7.