ECONOMICS

YEAR 11

Chapter 20 Population

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 World

Country / Territory

Population 6,919,100,000 1,339,724,852 1,210,193,422 311,373,000 237,556,363 190,732,694 176,071,000 158,423,000 150,574,000 142,905,200 127,960,000 112,336,538 94,013,200 87,375,000 81,802,000 80,246,000 79,455,634

% of World population 100% 19.36% 17.49% 4.5% 3.43% 2.76% 2.54% 2.29% 2.18% 2.07% 1.84% 1.62% 1.36% 1.26% 1.18% 1.16% 1.15%

People's Republic of Chinan2 India United States Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Nigeria Bangladesh Russia Japan Mexico Philippines Vietnam Germany Egypt Ethiopia

Other Countries
    

25 South Korea 44 Malaysia 115 Singapore 209 Monaco 224 Pitcairn Islands

48,988,8332011 27,565,8212010 5,076,700 35,000 50

0.71% 0.4% 0.073% 0.0005% 0.000001%

The population explosion by Leo Hickman The Guardian, Friday 14 Jan 2011
This year, there will be 7 billion people on Earth. But how will the planet will cope with the expanding population and is there anything we can, or should, do to stop it? Later this year on 31 October, to be precise a boy will be born in a rural village in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. His parents will not know it, but his birth will prove to be a considerable landmark for our species as his arrival will mark the moment when the human population reaches 7 billion.

Started in Europe during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. Improvements in hosing, sanitation & medicine decrease death rate while helped increase the number of births. In 20th century population in western countries started to . In less developed countries explosion in birth rate
DO EXERCISE 1 PAGE 371

THE CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH



Population grows fastest in the world's poorest countries. High fertility rates have historically been strongly correlated with poverty, and high childhood mortality rates. Falling fertility rates are generally associated with improved standards of living, increased life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality.

Poverty, is a major concern of humankind, because poverty everywhere reduces human beings to a low level of existence.

Poor people lack access to enough land and income to meet basic needs. A lack of basic needs results in physical weakness and poor health. Poor health decreases the ability of the poor to work and put them deeper into poverty.

Rich and poor countries alike are affected by population growth, though the population of industrial countries are growing more slowly than those of developing one.

The world's current and projected population growth calls for an increase in efforts to meet the needs for food, water, health care, technology and education.

In the poorest countries, massive efforts are needed to keep social and economic conditions from deteriorating further; any real advances in well-being and the quality of life are negated by further population growth.

Many countries lack adequate supplies of basic materials needed to support their current population. Rapid population growth can affect both the overall quality of life and the degree of human suffering on Earth.

Difference of quality of life???

Dependency Ratio


Dependency Ratios It is the number of people in work with the total population of the country. Dependency ratio = Total Population Number of people in work Dependent Population usually consists of children, students, housewives, the unemployed and old age pensioners.

Affects of increase in dependent population



Lower standard of living An increase in the dependent population will mean that people in work have more people to support and thus the living standard of the country will fall
DO EXERCISE 2 Page 374

As # of dependents rise everybody will be worse off unless the productivity An in dependent means working people will have more people to support. Thus living standards will

in dependency ratio
School leaving age has increased  Young people encouraged to stay on in FT education  People living longer. Thus # of elderly people has increased  in early retirement
 

To offset this, government retirement age

the official

Main problem
Lies with the less developed countries  Medical help allowed more people to live longer and more babies to survive  Result: dependent populations putting more strain on their scare resources


Causes of Population Change

 

The Birth Rate It is the average number of the children born in a country compared to the rest of the population. In other words, it is the number of births for every 1000 people in the country. Birth rate= Number of live births X 1000 Total population

Factors affecting the birth rate in a country



Existing age-sex structure Availability of family planning services (Contraception) Social and religious beliefs - especially in relation to contraception and abortion Female employment

Economic prosperity (although in theory when the economy is doing well families can afford to have more children in practice the higher the economic prosperity the lower the birth rate). Poverty levels children can be seen as an economic resource in developing countries as they can earn money Infant Mortality Rate a family may have more children if a country's IMR is high as it is likely some of those children will die. Conflicts Typical age of marriage> Higher for developed countries

 

The Death Rate



The number of people who die each year compared to every 1000 people in the population is known as death rate. Death rate= number of deaths X 1000 Total population

Factors affecting Death rate in a country

Medical facilities and health care  Nutrition levels  Living standard  Access to clean drinking water  Hygiene levels  Levels of infectious diseases  Social factors such as conflicts and levels of violent crime


Net Migration
Emigration is when a person moves out of the country. Immigration is when a person moves into a country. Net Migration is the difference between emigration and immigration.


If net immigration is positive it will lead to a population increase, a negative net immigration will lead to a fall in population of the country.

What is a Population pyramid?



A population pyramid, also called agesex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which normally forms the shape of a pyramid.

It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with the population plotted on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in fiveyear age groups (also called cohorts). Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw number or as a percentage of the total population.

Young population


Generally a population pyramid that displays a population percentage of ages 114 over 30% and ages 75 and above under 6% is considered a "young population". This pattern generally occurs in developing countries, with a high agricultural workforce.

Ageing population


A population pyramid that displays a population percentage of ages 114 under 30% and ages 75 and above over 6% is considered an "aging population". Usually found in developed countries with adequate health services, e.g. Australia). A country that displays all or none of these characteristics is considered neither.

Uses of Population pyramid



Population pyramids can be used to find the number of economic dependents being supported in a particular population. Population pyramids can be used to observe the natural increase, birth, and death rate.

The Population Pyramid what it is and how it works

If we were to display these graphs horizontally, make a mirror image of the one for women, and then join them together, we would have a population pyramidexactly as seen next page.

This population pyramid shows at a glance the distribution of the Canadian population in 1961. You can see that the pyramid narrows toward the top. This is because the death rate is higher among older people than among younger people. There are also a few bulges and narrower parts in the middle part of the pyramid. For example, there are not as many people in their 20s as in their 30s in Canada in 1961. The people in their 20s in 1961 were born during the Depression, a time of economic hardship in Canada when people were having fewer children.

In 1961, the pyramid had a wide base. In fact, when we add the percentages for the three lowest age groups, we find that 35% of the population was under 15. These are the baby boomers, a large group of people born between 1947 and 1966 when the economy was growing and prospering.

By analysing population pyramids and identifying trends, we can learn a lot about our society. These statistics give governments and others one of the tools they need to make informed decisions that will affect our lives today and in the future.

QUESTIONS
Define:  Dependency Ratio  Natural Rate of population increase  Birth rate  Migration  Age Distribution  Geographic distribution  Occupational distribution  Over population

DO
Assessment questions page 384  Structured questions Page 385 # 1, 2, 5


Answers:


Dependency Ratio: It is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labour force (the dependent part) and those typically in the labour force (the productive part). It is used to measure the pressure on productive population. Natural Rate of population increase: The growth in population due to changes in the birth and death rates. Birth rate The ratio of total live births to total population in a specified community or area over a specified period of time. The birthrate is often expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year

Migration Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing

Age Distribution also called Age Composition, in population studies, the proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population. Age distributions differ among countries mainly because of differences in the levels and trends of fertility. Geographic distribution Geographical distribution, the natural arrangements of people in particular regions or districts

Occupational distribution Occ distribution, the natural arrangements of people in particular jobs people do Over population Overpopulation is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.