LUNG CANCER

Lung Cancer: Defined

 Uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in one or both lungs and tracheo-bronchial tree  A result of repeated carcinogenic irritation causing increased rates of cell replication  Proliferation of abnormal cells leads to hyperplasia, dysplasia or carcinoma in situ

Picture of the Lungs

Lung Cancer in the US

 According to 2004 statistics, there were 173,770 new cases and 160,440 deaths yearly  More deaths from lung cancer than prostate, breast and colorectal cancers combined  Decreasing incidence and deaths in men; continued increase in women

1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1 3

New

5
ases

10

Deaths

Women & Lung Cancer

 80,660 new cases were reported in 2004 - Account for 12 % of all new cases  68,510 deaths were reported in 2004 - An increase of 150% between 1974 and 1994  Women are more prone to tobacco effects 1.5 times more likely to develop lung cancer than men with same smoking habits

Where Does it Come From?

Radiation Exposure Smoking Environmental/ Occupational Exposure
Asbestos Radon Passive smoke

Smoking Facts
 Tobacco use is the leading cause of lung cancer  87% of lung cancers are related to smoking  Risk related to:
age of smoking onset amount smoked gender product smoked depth of inhalation

Where does it travel?

 Lymph Nodes, Brain, Liver, Adrenal, Gland, Bones  40% of metastasis occurs in the Adrenal Gland

Diagnosis
 History and Physical exam  Diagnostic tests
Chest x-ray Biopsy (bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, surgery)

 Staging tests
CT chest/abdomen Bone scan Bone marrow aspiration PET scan

Symptoms

cough dyspnea hemoptysis recurrent infections chest pain

Syndromes/Symptoms secondary to regional metastases:

Esophageal compression dysphagia Laryngeal nerve paralysis hoarseness Symptomatic nerve paralysis Horners syndrome Cervical/thoracic nerve invasion Pancoast syndrome Lymphatic obstruction pleural effusion Vascular obstruction SVC syndrome Pericardial/cardiac extension effusion, tamponade

Two Lung Cancer Cells, Classified

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
 Adenocarcinoma  Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

 Oat Cell  Intermediate

 Large Cell Carcinoma

 Combined

Treatment and Staging NSCLC

Stage Stage I a/b Stage II a/b Description Tumor of any size is found only in the lung Tumor has spread to lymph nodes associated with the lung Tumor has spread to the lymph nodes in the tracheal area, including chest wall and diaphragm Tumor has spread to the lymph nodes on the opposite lung or in the neck Tumor has spread beyond the chest Treatment Options Surgery Surgery

Stage III a

Chemotherapy followed by radiation or surgery

Stage III b

Combination of chemotherapy and radiation Chemotherapy and/or palliative (maintenance) care

Stage IV

SCLC
 Limited St ge
Defined as tumor involvement of one lung, the mediastinum and ipsilateral and/or contralateral supraclavicular lymph nodes or disease that can be encompassed in a single radiotherapy port.

 Exten ive St ge
Defined as tumor that has spread beyond one lung, mediastinum, and supraclavicular lymph nodes. Common distant sites of metastases are the adrenals, bone, liver, bone marrow, and brain.

Conclu ion
 Smoking cessation is essential for prevention of lung cancer.  New screening tools under way.  Clinical trials under way.  New treatments under way.  Treatment can palliate symptoms and improve quality of life.  Read first bullet again!!