By pankaj Khanna

Index
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Introduction Basic parts of a Volcano Major volcanic plates Lava composition Shape Volcanoes on Earth Volcanoes In India Volcanoes elsewhere in Solar System Latest erupted volcanoes Ring of fire Greatest killer Volcanic Eruptions Effects of volcanoes Questions arising to my mind Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
In my opinion I would say that a volcano is a form of natural calamity with mostly destroys the things and also is a form by which Earth releases its heat .Also a volcano is a geological landform usually generated by the eruption through a vent in a planet's surface of magma, molten rock welling up from the planet's interior. Volcanoes of various types are found on other planets and their moons as well as on earth. Roughly defined, a volcano consists of a magma chamber, pipes and vents. The magma chamber is where magma from deep within the planet pools, while pipes are channels that lead to surface vents, openings in the volcano's surface through which lava is ejected during an eruption.

Puu

on a flank of Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano

Normally people think volcano as a mountain spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater in its top is not wrong per se, the features of volcanoes are much more complicated and vary from volcano to volcano depending on a number of factors. Some volcanoes even have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater, whereas yet others present landscape features such as massive plateaus. Vents that issue volcanic material (lava, which is what magma is called once it has broken the surface, and ash) and gases (mainly steam and magmatic gases) can be located anywhere on the landform. Many of these vents give rise to smaller cones such as Puu on a flank of Hawaii's Kilauea.

Other types of volcanoes include ice volcanoes (particularly on some moons of Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune) and mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are formations often not associated with known magmatic activity. Active mud volcanoes tend to involve temperatures much lower than those of igneous volcanoes, except when a mud volcano is actually a vent of an igneous volcano. On Earth, volcanoes tend to occur near the boundaries of crustal plates. Important exceptions exist in hotspot volcanoes, which occur at locations far from plate boundaries; hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the solar system, especially on its rocky planets and moons.

Three volcanoes together

A popular way of classifying magmatic volcanoes goes by their frequency of eruption, with those that erupt regularly called active, those that have erupted in historical times but are now quiet called dormant, and those that have not erupted in historical times called extinct. However, these popular classificationsextinct in particularare practically meaningless to scientists. More significant ones refer to a particular volcano's formative and eruptive processes and resulting shapes; these and other details are explained below. Volcano is thought to derive from Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology. More than 80% of the earth's surface comes from volcanoes. Innumerable volcanic eruptions formed the sea floor and some mountains; gaseous emissions from volcanoes formed the earth's atmosphere

Volcanoes are proof that the Earth is alive, active, and ever-changing.. In Polynesia the people attributed eruptive activity to the beautiful but wrathful Pele, Goddess of Volcanoes, whenever she was angry or spiteful. The volcano Furnas in the Azores has entered our language as the word furnace. Today we know that volcanic eruptions are not supernatural but natural phenomena that can be studied and interpreted by scientists .

Proof: Earth is alive

Basic parts of a volcano

Volcano: 1.Large magma chamber 2. Bedrock 3. Conduit (pipe) 4. Base 5. Sill 6. Branch pipe 7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano 8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano 10. Throat 11. Parasitic cone 12. Lava flow 13. Vent 14. Crater 15. Ash cloud

MAJOR VOLCANIC PLATES ON EARTH

North American Plate - North America, Western North Atlantic Earth's Plate Boundaries delineated by and Greenland earthquake epicenters South American Plate - South America and western South Atlantic Antarctic Plate - Antarctica and the "Southern Ocean"

MAJOR VOLCANIC PLATES ON EARTH

Eurasian Plate - eastern North Atlantic, Europe and Asia except for India African Plate - Africa, eastern South Atlantic and western Indian Ocean Indian-Australian Plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of Indian Ocean Nazca Plate - eastern Pacific Ocean adjacent to South America Pacific Plate - most of the Pacific Ocean (and the southern coast of California!)

LAVA COMPOSITION
We can classify volcanoes by the composition of material erupted (lava), since this affects the shape of the volcano. Lava can be broadly classified into 4 different compositions If the erupted magma contains a high percentage (>63%) of silica, the lava is called felsic. Felsic lavas (or rhyolites) tend to be highly viscous (not very fluid) and are erupted as domes or short, stubby flows. Viscous lavas tend to form stratovolcanoes or lava domes. Lassen Peak in California is an example of a volcano formed from felsic lava and is actually a large lava dome. Because silicious magmas are so viscous, they tend to trap volatiles (gases) that are present, which cause the magma to erupt catastrophically, eventually forming stratovolcanoes. Pyroclastic flows (ignimbrites) are highly hazardous products of such volcanoes, since they are composed of molten volcanic ash too heavy to go up into the atmosphere, so they hug the volcano's slopes and travel far from their vents during large eruptions. Temperatures as high as 1,200 C are known to occur in pyroclastic flows, which will incinerate everything flammable in their path and thick layers of hot pyroclastic flow deposits can be laid down, often up to many meters thick. Alaska's Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, formed by the eruption of Novarupta near Katmai in 1912, is an example of a thick pyroclastic flow or ignimbrite deposit. Volcanic ash that is light enough to be erupted high into the Earth's atmosphere may travel many kilometres before it falls back to ground as a tuff. If the erupted magma contains 52-63% silica, the lava is of intermediate composition. These "andesitic" volcanoes generally only occur above subduction zones (e.g. Mount Merapi in Indonesia). If the erupted magma contains <52% and >45% silica, the lava is called mafic (because it contains higher percentages of magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe)) or basaltic. These lavas are typically less viscous than rhyolitic lavas, depending on their eruption temperature. These lavas occur in a wide range of settings: At Mid-ocean ridges, where two oceanic plates are pulling apart, basaltic lava erupts as pillows to fill the gap; Shield volcanoes (e.g. the Hawaiian Islands, including Mauna Loa and Kilauea), on both oceanic and continental crust; As Continental flood basalts. If the erupted magma contains <=45% silica, the lava is called ultramafic. Ultramafic flows are very rare and are thought to be even more fluid than common mafic lavas.

shape
Shield volcanoes Hawaii and Iceland are examples of places where volcanoes extrude huge quantities of basaltic lava that gradually build a wide mountain with a shield-like profile. Their lava flows are generally very hot and very fluid, contributing to long flows. The largest lava shield on Earth, Mauna Loa, rises over 9,000 m from the ocean floor, is 120 km in diameter and forms part of the Big Island of Hawaii. Olympus Mons is the largest shield volcano on Mars, and is the tallest mountain in the known solar system. Smaller versions of shield volcanoes include lava cones, and lava mounds. Quiet eruptions spread out basaltic lava in flat layers. The buildup of these layers form a broad volcano with gently sloping sides called a shield volcano. Examples of shield volcanoes are the Hawaiian Islands. Cinder volcanoes Volcanic cones or cinder cones result from eruptions that throw out mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. These can be relatively short-lived eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill perhaps 30 to 400 m high. Most cinder cones erupt only once. Cinder cones may form as flank vents on larger volcanoes, or occur on their own. Paricutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in Arizona are examples of cinder cones.

Structure of a shield volcano

Stratovolcano -Mt. Hood

Stratovolcanoes These are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and other ejecta in alternate layers, the strata that give rise to the name. Stratovolcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes. Classic examples include Mt. Fuji in Japan, Mount Mayon in the Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy.

Supervolcanoes Supervolcano is the popular term for large volcanoes that usually have a large caldera and can potentially produce devastation on an enormous, sometimes continental, scale. Such eruptions would be able to cause severe cooling of global temperatures for many years afterwards because of the huge volumes of sulfur and ash erupted. They can be the most dangerous type of volcano. Examples include Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. Supervolcanoes are hard to identify given their enormous areas covered. They are also known as flood basalt events due to the large amounts of basalt ejected. Submarine volcanoes Submarine volcanoes are common features on the ocean floor. Some are active and, in shallow water, disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above the surface of the sea. Many others lie at such great depths that the tremendous weight of the water above them prevents the explosive release of steam and gases, although they can be detected by hydrophones and discoloration of water due to volcanic gases. Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface. Submarine volcanoes often form rather steep pillars and in due time, may break the ocean surface as new islands. Pillow lava is a common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes.

Submarine volcano

Subglacial volcanoes Subglacial volcanoes develop underneath icecaps. They are made up of flat lava flows atop extensive pillow lavas and palagonite. When the icecap melts, the lavas on the top collapse leaving a flat-topped mountain. Then, the pillow lavas also collapse, giving an angle of 37.5 degrees. Very good examples of this can be seen in Iceland. These volcanoes are also called table volcanoes or mobergs.

Volcanoes on Earth
The 16 current Decade Volcanoes are: Avachinsky-Koryaksky, Kamchatka, Russia Colima, Mexico

Mount Etna, Italy

Galeras, Colombia

Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA

Merapi, Indonesia

Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo Mount Rainier, Washington ,USA

Sakurajima, Japan

Santamaria/Santiaguito, Guatemala

Santorini, Greece

Taal Volcano, Philippines

Teide, Canary Islands, Spain

Ulawun, Papua New Guinea

Mount Unzen, Japan

Vesuvius,Italy

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Volcanoes in india
Barren Island (Andaman Islands)

Barren Island is located in the Andaman Sea, one of the most easterly of the Andaman Islands. It is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia. The island, along with the rest of the Andamans, is part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies some 135 km northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair. The first recorded eruptions of the volcano date back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than six times, most recently on 2 May 2006
Deccan Traps, India

The Deccan Traps are one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world. It consists of more than 6,500 feet (>2,000 m) of flatlying basalt lava flows and covers an area of nearly 200,000 square miles (500,000 square km) (roughly the size of the states of Washington and Oregon combined) in west-central India. Estimates of the original area covered by the lava flows are as high as 600,000 square miles (1.5 million square km).

LATEST ERRUPTED VOLCANOES

Plume from Chikurachki Volcano

Plume from Chikurachki Volcano Chikurachki Volcano, in the northern Kurile Islands, off the coast of Russias Kamchatka Peninsula, released another plume of ash and/or steam on September 19, 2007, continuing a pattern of intermittent activity. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Terra satellite captured this picture the same day. In this image, a tan-colored plume blows away from the volcanos summit toward the southeast, over the Pacific Ocean. To the east, bright white clouds form a line roughly parallel to the volcanic plume, likely blown by the same winds.
Plumes from Shiveluch and Klyuchevskaya

Plume from Chikurachki Volcano

Shiveluch and Klyuchevskaya Volcanoes on Russias Kamchatka Peninsula released simultaneous plumes on September 11, 2006, as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Aqua image, Shiveluchs plume is thicker and more noticeable, but Klyuchevskayas plume is also discernible. Both plumes are especially easy to detect over the dark blue waters of the Bering Sea. The pale color of both plumes suggests that water vapor predominates, although the plumes likely also contain some volcanic ash.

Plumes from Shiveluch and Klyuchevskaya

Activity at Manda Hararo

In western Afar, Ethiopia, sits a massive volcano complex, roughly 105 kilometers (65 miles) by 25 kilometers (15 miles). Known as Manda Hararo, the area had not been known for eruptive activity, but in August 2007, satellite, aerial, and ground-based observations showed the volcanic complex coming to life. According to a report from the Smithsonian Institution, an August 16 inspection of the site showed lava flowsincluding splattering and bubbling lavafrom fissures in the complex, as well as sulfur deposits . On August 13, satellite observations detected gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide

Activity at Manda Hararo

Plume from Ol Doinyo Lengai

In early September 2007, Tanzanias Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano erupted, sending a cloud of ash into the atmosphere. On September 4, 2007, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASAs Terra satellite captured this image of the volcano sending a plume of ash and steam southward. The volcanic plume appears pale blue-gray, distinct near the summit, and growing more diffuse to the south. On the land surface, green indicates vegetation, and beige and gray indicate bare or thinly vegetated ground. The charcoalcolored stains on the volcanos flanks appear to be lava, but they are actually burn scars left behind by fires that were spawned by fastflowing, narrow rivers of lava ejected by the volcano.

Plume from Ol Doinyo Lengai

Plume from Gamkonora

On July 7, 2007, the Gamkonora Volcano on Halmahera, Indonesia, began releasing plumes of ash, according to a report from ABC News, Australia. Over the next few days, the volcano continued its activity, including ejecting flaming rocks. The activity forced the evacuation of some 8,600 residents. At 14:50 East Indonesian Time on July 9, the volcano erupted, according to ReliefWeb

Plume from Gamkonora

Plume from Bagana, Bougainville Island

Bagana Volcano on Bougainville Island in Papua New Guinea sent a wispy plume southward on June 28, 2007. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flying on NASAs Terra satellite took this picture the same day. In this image, Baganas plume appears dingy gray, snaking its way over Bougainville and the Solomon Sea.

Plume from Bagana, Bougainville Island

The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements. The Ring of Fire has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes. It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt.

Ring of fire

Ring of fire

Ninety percent of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region (56% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt which extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt The Ring of Fire is a direct result and consequence of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of crustal plates. The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward moving South American Plate. A portion of the Pacific Plate along with the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Along the northern portion the northwestward moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc. Further west the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan. The southern portion is more complex with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, Bougainville, Tonga, and New Zealand. Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores, and Timor. The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico. The motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes, at multiple times a day, most of which are too small to be felt

Greatest Killer Volcanic Eruptions

Date April 10-12, 1815 Aug. 26-28, 1883 May 8, 1902 Nov. 13, 1985 Aug. 24, 79 A.D. May 21, 1792 1586 June 8, 1783 May 19, 1919 Dec. 15, 1631 April 24, 1902 Aug. 12, 1772 Jan. 27, 1951 Mar. 28, 1982 Aug. 21, 1986 Volcano Tambora, Krakatoa Mount Pelee Nevado Ruiz Vesuvius Unzen Kelut Laki Kelut Vesuvius Santa Maria Papandayan Lamington El Chichon Lake Nyos Location Indonesia Indonesia Martinique Colombia Deaths 92000 36000 28000 23000 16000 14500 10000 9350 5000 4000 4000 3000 3000 1880 1700 Pyroclastic Flow. Volcano was not known to be active before the eruption. Ash falls Carbon dioxide emission from volcanic lake Ash falls, Disease, Starvation Fissure Flow, Disease, Starvation Remarks Ash falls, Tsunami, Disease, Starvation Ash falls, Tsunami Pyroclastic Flow Mudflow Ash falls and Pyroclastic Flows. The famous Pompeii eruption.

Italy Japan Java Iceland Java Italy Guatemala Java New Guinea Mexico Cameroon

Volcanoes elsewhere in the solar system

The Earth's Moon has no large volcanoes, but does have many volcanic features such as maria (the darker patches seen on the moon), rilles and domes. The planet Venus has a surface that is 90% basalt, indicating that volcanism played a major role in shaping its surface. The planet may have had a major global resurfacing event about 500 million years ago, from what scientists can tell from the density of impact craters on the surface. Lava flows are widespread and forms of volcanism not present on Earth occur as well. Changes in the planet's atmosphere and observations of lightning, have been attributed to ongoing volcanic eruptions, although there is no confirmation of whether or not Venus is still volcanically active. There are several extinct volcanoes on Mars, four of which are vast shield volcanoes far bigger than any on Earth. They include Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons, Hecates Tholus, Olympus Mons, and Pavonis Mons. These volcanoes have been extinct for many millions of years, but the European Mars Express spacecraft has found evidence that volcanic activity may have occurred on Mars in the recent past as well.

Olympus Mons

Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, due to tidal interaction with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanoes that erupt sulfur, sulfur dioxide and silicate rock, and as a result, Io is constantly being resurfaced. Its lavas are the hottest known anywhere in the solar system, with temperatures exceeding 1,800 K (1,500 C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the solar system occurred on Io. Europa, the smallest of Jupiter's Galilean moons, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its volcanic activity is entirely in the form of water, which freezes into ice on the frigid surface. This process is known as cryovolcanism, and is apparently most common on the moons of the outer planets of the solar system.

Effects of volcanoes
There are many different kinds of volcanic activity and eruptions: phreatic eruptions (steam-generated eruptions), explosive eruption of high-silica lava (e.g., rhyolite), effusive eruption of low-silica lava (e.g., basalt), pyroclastic flows, lahars (debris flow) and carbon dioxide emission. All of these activities can pose a hazard to humans. Volcanic activity is often accompanied by earthquakes, hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and geysers. Low-magnitude earthquakes often precede eruptions. The concentrations of different volcanic gases can vary considerably from one volcano to the next. Water vapor is typically the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Other principal volcanic gases include hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. A large number of minor and trace gases are also found in volcanic emissions, for example hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and volatile metal chlorides. Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ash (pulverized rock and pumice) into the stratosphere to heights of 10-20 miles above the Earth's surface. The most significant impacts from these injections come from the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols. The aerosols increase the Earth's albedoits reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere. Several eruptions during the past century have caused a decline in the average temperature at the Earth's surface of up to half a degree (Fahrenheit scale) for periods of one to three years. The sulfate aerosols also promote complex chemical reactions on their surfaces that alter chlorine and nitrogen chemical species in the stratosphere. This effect, together with increased stratospheric chlorine levels from chlorofluorocarbon pollution, generates chlorine monoxide (ClO), which

destroys ozone (O3). As the aerosols grow andcoagulate, they settle down into the upper troposphere where they serve as nuclei for cirrus clouds and further modify the Earth's radiation balance. Most of the hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) are dissolved in water droplets in the eruption cloud and quickly fall to the ground as acid rain. The injected ash also falls rapidly from the stratosphere; most of it is removed within several days to a few weeks. Finally, explosive volcanic eruptions release the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and thus provide a deep source of carbon for biogeochemical cycles.

Destruction due to a volcanic eruption

Gas emissions from volcanoes are a natural contributor to acid rain. Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year. Volcanic eruptions may inject aerosols into the Earth's atmosphere. Large injections may cause visual effects such as unusually colorful sunsets and affect global climate mainly by cooling it. Volcanic eruptions also provide the benefit of adding nutrients to soil through the weathering process of volcanic rocks. These fertile soils assist the growth of plants and various crops. Volcanic eruptions can also create new islands, as the magma dries on the water.

Questions arising to ones mind after hearing the term Volcano.

Q1- Time taken for magma to cool after erupting from a Volcano? Ans:The time cannot be accurately measured but we can say that the magma cools quickly because inside Earth it is having a very high temperature so when it reaches the surface of earth the temperature difference is so high that it starts cooling quickly. Q2- Deciding factors of the height of a Volcano? Ans:The main factor which decides the height of a volcano is the thickness of the planets crust. The more the thickness more will be the height of the volcano and less the thickness small will be the volcano. Q3- When a volcano erupts does earthquake comes? Ans: Whenever the volcano erupts always their is a movement in the plates of Earth, this leads to Earthquake. Q4- The difference between volcanoes on Earth continental and volcanoes in ocean? Ans:In the typical "continental" environment, volcanoes are located in unstable, mountainous belts that have thick roots of granite or granitelike rock. Magmas, generated near the base of the mountain root, rise slowly or intermittently along fractures in the crust. During passage through the granite layer, magmas are commonly modified or changed in composition and erupt on the surface to form volcanoes constructed of nonbasaltic rocks In a typical "oceanic" environment, volcanoes are alined along the crest of a broad ridge that marks an active fracture system in the oceanic crust. Basaltic magmas, generated in the upper mantle beneath the ridge, rise along fractures through the basaltic layer. Because the granitic crustal layer is absent, the magmas are not appreciably modified or changed in composition and they erupt on the surface to form basaltic volcanoes

Q5- Any sign of any volcanic activity in India? Ans:Yes, we can see the Deccan Traps in India they are made up of basalt . it shows the presence of Volcanic activity in India. Q6- Where is magma present inside Earth? Ans:Magma is present in Asthenosphere inside the earth about 100 km down in earth on an average. Q7- Do volcanoes provide any help to understand the interior of earth? Ans:In my opinion they do provide very important information about the interior of earth. These help in plotting the graph between temperature of the Earth and Depth. They help to give 2 out of 5 points in the graph.

bibliography
Internet Google search, msn Encarta, yahoo search. Ultimate visual dictionary Earth( chap 16- volcanism)