HIGH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING OPTICAL FIBER

B.RAVITEJA REDDY, GURUNANAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY G.SRIKANTH, PROGRESSIVE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY

OVER VIEW

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE METHODOLOGY ADOPTED CONCEPT USED CALIBRATION TESTING

The aim is to design and develop a HV measuring device using optical fiber capable of measuring AC and DC upto 100KV. The measuring device makes use of a LED, Optical fiber link and a Photodiode as the core components. The voltage is converted into light pulses and transmitted through the optical fiber

In many industrial as well as research applications, there is a routine need to make accurate high voltage measurements .But, if sufficient isolation is not provided between such high voltage and the person measuring it, he will be subjected to extreme danger.

The conventional measurements make use of co-axial cables

disadvantages:
`

The signal through the co-axial cable is affected by the electrostatic and magnetic fields.

No electrical isolation and hence reduced safety to the operator.

The cable is a low voltage device, with poor insulation properties and the measuring system is kept at a long distance from the high voltage source. Circulating ground currents induce large errors particularly during impulse measurements. It is not possible to measure the voltage difference between the two points both above ground potential.

optical fiber instead of the co-axial

advantages : ` The optical fiber link is unaffected by the electrostatic field. ` It is an excellent insulating material and therefore provides high insulation between the high voltage source and the measuring system. ` Even points at high potentials and isolated from ground can be directly linked to the measuring device.

Opto-Electronic Device

` Potential

divider

` Transmitter
`

Fiber Optic Link Receiver

The transmitter converts the electric input signal from the L.V arm to an equivalent frequency modulated digital optical signal a) The Inverter b) The Peak Detector c) V-F Converter d) LED with Driver circuit

The V-F converter is a modulator, which converts the input DC voltage varying between 1V-10V into a corresponding frequency varying between 1KHz - 10KHz. The LED used is OPE5394WK. It transmits light at 940nm which is in the infrared region. The intensity of light is 150mW at 100mA. The forward voltage is 1.7V the LED is connected between the collector and +5V. The output of the LED is transmitted to the photodiode through an Optic Fiber

A plastic Fiber Optic Link is used as the waveguide. The data link used is HFBR 0507 series, manufactured by Hewlett Packard. It is a multimode graded index fiber. For distances less than 25m, 1mm diameter plastic fiber can be used. But for distances greater than 25m, 200Qm Hard Clad Silica (HCS) fiber has to be used. The lower attenuation of silica fiber allows data transmission over longer distance, for a small difference in cost.

Receiver converts the frequency modulated digital optical input signal to an equivalent electrical voltage a) Optical receiver b) F-V converter c) Digital display

For D.C measurements, a resistance divider is used For A.C measurements, the potential divider is constructed using paper/polyester capacitors.

The designed value of HV arm is 25M; and LV arm is 11K;. The divider ratio is R1/R2 = 25M;/10K; = 2500. The maximum voltage across the low voltage arm is 8V.

The intensity of light detected at the recording device is proportional to the signal being measured. The difficulty with such a system is that readings can be easily affected by changing fiber optic cables or slightly dirty connectors. Even exchanging the same fiber optic cable end for end puts this type of system out of calibration. Here, importance is laid on the amplitude which carries the information.

1) The sine wave generator is adjusted to give a 50 Hz signal of amplitude 1.00V, as measured on the CRO. 2) The transmitter and the receiver circuits were energized with the supply voltages. 3) The signal from the sine wave generator is fed to the peak detector of the transmitter. 4) The potentiometers in the V-F converter of the transmitter are adjusted to give the frequency modulated output from the V-F converter as observed on the CRO (of frequency of about 1 KHz)

5) The potentiometers in the F-V converter are adjusted to get the desired voltage at the output (1.00 V). 6) The input from the sine wave generator of 9.00V is given. 7) The output of the receiver is measured. The potentiometers are adjusted alternatively till the output is 9.00v.

1) The DC Regulated power supply is adjusted to give a signal of amplitude 1.00V, as measured on the CRO. 2) The transmitter and the receiver circuits were energized with the supply voltages. 3) The signal from the DC Regulated power supply is fed to the peak detector of the transmitter. 4) The V-F converter of the transmitter is adjusted to give the frequency modulated output from the V-F converter as observed on the CRO

5) The potentiometers in the F-V converter are adjusted to get the desired . 6) The input from the DC Regulated power supply of 9.00V is given. 7) The output of the receiver is measured. potentiometers are adjusted alternatively till the output is 9.00V. 8) The iterations are stopped when the output is equal to the value of the input within an error limit of 1%.

Measured AC Voltages (Peak values)

Measured DC Voltages (Peak values)

Apart from just replacing the co-axial cable, the use of an optical fiber has completely revolutionized the concept of High Voltage measurement. It is observed from the experiment that the percentage error is within 2.5 %. Particularly measurements with DC give more accurate results. All the drawbacks of conventional measuring devices can be overcome by this Opto-electronic voltmeter, with no drop in accuracy level.

The huge and bulky sphere gaps can be easily done away with the compact and portable Optoelectronic voltmeter, leading to a large saving in space and money. Both AC and DC (both polarities) upto several hundreds of kilovolts can be efficiently measured using opto-electronic voltmeter. Thus, we can look forward to a more sophisticated approach of High Voltage measurement using optical fiber.

` ` ` ` ` `

[1] A Braun and J.Zinkernagel, optoelectronic electricity meter for high voltage lines, IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurements, Vol IM-24, 1973,pp 394-399. [2] Berkbiler and Greg Dallum of Livermore laboratory, Livermore, California, Fiber optics transmitter measures high voltage safely, Electronics, 7th April 1981. [3] Y.Murooka, T. Herano and K.Kishi, Optoelectronic measurement of pre-breakdown currents in an air gap, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 46,1975,pp 1559-1566. [4] A handbook of optical fiber communication and technology, Helmut F. Wolf, I Edition, 1972. [5] Understanding fiber optics, Jeff Hecht, II Edition,1997. [6] Optical and Optoelectronic instrumentation, Ching Tsuman, II Edition 2001. [7] Electronic devices, circuits and applications, William Hakias. [8] RACE International Conference held at Bikaner 2007 [9] IEEE Paper in 2007 Spectrum book

THANK

YOU

THAN K