WCDMA RAN Fundamental

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Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe feature of wireless propagation Outline the advantage of CDMA principle Characterize code sequence Outline the fundamentals of RAN

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Page2

Contents
1. 3G Overview 2. CDMA Principle 3. WCDMA Fundamental

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Page3

Contents
1. 3G Overview 2. CDMA Principle 3. WCDMA Fundamental

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Page4

Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS TACS NMT Others

2G 1990s Digital
GSM
Technologies drive

3G IMT-2000

CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

UMTS WCDMA
Demands drive

cdma 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS TACS NMT Others

2G 1990s Digital
GSM
Technologies drive

3G IMT-2000

CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

UMTS WCDMA
Demands drive

cdma 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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3G Evolution

Proposal of 3G

IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system

The third generation mobile communication was first proposed in 1985 and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996

Commercialization: around the year of 2000 Work band : around 2000MHz The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

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3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:

Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global coverage High spectral efficiency High quality of service with complete security and reliability Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G Provide multimedia services, with the rates:

Vehicle environment: 144kbps Walking environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2Mbps

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3G Spectrum Allocation
1850 1900 1950 2000
2010 MHz

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

ITU
1885 MHz

IMT 2000
GSM 1800 DECT
1805 MHz
cellular(1)

MSS 2025 MHz

IMT 2000
2110 MHz

MSS

2170 MHz

Europe

UMTS
cellular(2)

MSS 1980 MHz

2025MHz

UMTS

MSS

1880 MHz
cellular(2) CDMA
1865

China

GSM 1800

FDD TDD WLL WLL

1920 1945

CDMA

FDD WLL
1960 1980

1885

1918

1895

2170 MHz

Japan
1865 1870

C PHS

IMT A 2000
1930 1945 1965 1970 1975

MSS

IMT A 2000

MSS

1885 1890 1895

1910

1990 MHz

2165 MHz Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS

USA

PCS
A D B EF C A D B EF C

MSS

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

215 0 Page9

2200

2250

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Bands WCDMA Used

Main bands

1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA) 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)

Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

Frequency channel number central frequency5, for main band:

UL frequency channel number 9612 9888 DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838

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3G Application Service
BER

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time Delay
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WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution

MBMS HSUPA

GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT

CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT

IMS HSDPA

3GPP Rel6

3GPP Rel5

3GPP Rel99

3GPP Rel4

2000

2001

2002

2005

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WCDMA System Architecture

CN
RNS RNC Iur Core Network CS Iu-CS RNS RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B PS Iu-PS

UTRAN
Iub Node B

Iub Node B

Uu

UE
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Contents
1. 3G Overview 2. CDMA Principle 3. WCDMA Fundamental

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Page14

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Multiple Access Technology

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Duplex Technology

Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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Page15

Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA

power
cy en qu fre

power
y nc ue q

tim

CDMA

tim e

fre

power

time

n freque

cy

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Page16

Duplex Technology
Power Time

USER 2

FDD
UL

USER 1

DL
Frequency

Power

Time

DL UL DL DL UL

USER 2 USER 1

TDD

Frequency

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Page17

Contents
1. 3G Overview 2. CDMA Principle 3. WCDMA Fundamental

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Page18

Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Transmitter
Servic e Signal Sourc e Codin g Chann el Coding Spreading Modulation Transmission

bit

symbo l

chip

modulated signal

Radio Channel

Servic e Signal

Source Decodin g

Channel Decodin g

Despreadi ng

Demodulati on

Reception

Receiver

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WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

CODEC

Bit Rate (kbps)

A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates.

AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)

The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN depending on the system load and quality of the speech connections.
AMR_7.95 7.95 AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR) AMR_10.20 10.2

Video Phone Service

H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain. Includes: video codec, speech codec, data protocols, multiplexing and etc.

AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR) AMR_5.90 5.9 AMR_5.15 5.15 AMR_4.75 4.75
Page20

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WCDMA Channel Coding

Effect

Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay

Types

No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

Code Block of N Bits No Coding Uncoded N bits Coded 2N+16 bits Coded 3N+24 bits Coded 3N+12 bits
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1/2 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding

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WCDMA Interleaving

Effect

Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay

Input bits 0010000 ... 10111

0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0

0 0 ... ... 1 1 0 ... ... 1

1 0 ... ... 1 0 0 ... ... 1

0 ... ... 1 1 0 ... ... 1 1

Interleaving periods: 10, 20, 40, or 80 ms

000101001011

Inter-column permutation

Output bits

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Page22

WCDMA Channelization Code

OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) SF = chip rate / symbol rate

High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1) Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)

Cch,1,0 = (1)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

SF = 8
Page23

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Process Gain

Process Gain

chip rate Pr ocess Gain = 10 log( ) bit rate

Process gain differs for each service. If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.

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Purpose of Channelization Code

For uplink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one connection For downlink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different connections in a cell
Radio bearer** Speech 4.75 UL Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL Data 2048 kbps UL Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps UL SF Radio bearer** SF 256 128 32 16 16 8 8 32 128 Speech 4.75 DL 64 16 8 8 4 4 16 Speech 12.2 DL Data 64 kbps DL Data 128 kbps DL Data 144 kbps DL Data 384 kbps DL Data 2048 kbps DL Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps DL

** With 3.4 kbps Signaling Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page25

Correlation

Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1 -1 +1 -1 +1

C1 C2

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1

Correlation = 1 Identical signals

C1 C2

+1 -1 +1 +1 -1

-1 1 -1 1 Correlation = 0 1 1 1 1 Orthogonal signals -1 1 -1 1

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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1: UE2: 1 1 1 1

C1 : 1 1 C2 : 1 1 UE1c1 1 1 UE2c2 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
Page27

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Orthogonal Code Usage Decoding

UE1C1 UE2C2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 Dispreading result: 0 2 0

1 1 1 1 1 1

0 2

Integral judgment: (means 1)

4 (means 1) 4

UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Spreading and Despreading

Correlation at a CDMA receiver
Desired spreading signal Spreading code Data after despreading Data after integration Desired signal 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 8 -8 Other users signal

Correlation with incorrect code

Other spreading signal Other signal after despreading Other signal after integration

1 -1 8 -8

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)

f Narrowband signal

f Broadband signal

P(f) f Noise & Other Signal

Recovered signal P(f)

Signal Combination

Noise+Broadband signal P(f) f

Spreading code

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

Eb / No = Ec / Io PG
Powe r

Ebit
Eb/No Requirem ent

Max allowed interference

Processing Gain

Max interference caused by UE

Interference from other UE

Echip

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Purpose of Scrambling Code

Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters

For downlink, Scrambling code is used to separate different cells

For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UE

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Scrambling Code

Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.

For downlink physical channels, 8192 scrambling codes are used.

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Page33

Code Multiplexing

Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal Channelization code 3 User 3 signal
NodeB

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Code Multiplexing

Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1 Channelization code User 1 signal Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal Scrambling code 3 Channelization code User 3 signal
NodeB

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Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted: Digital Input

0
time

Basic steady radio wave: carrier = A.cos(2 Ft+ ) Amplitude Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+ ) Frequency Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+ ) Phase Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+ )
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Modulation Review

Digital Modulation - QPSK

1 NRZ Input I di-Bit Stream Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 2 1 3 -1 -1 1 4 1 5 -1 -1 1 6 1 7 1 1 -1 8 -1 9 -1 -1 -1 10 -1

I Component Q Component

QPSK Waveform 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page37

10

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Modulation Review
A NRZ coding Acos( ot) I(t)

fo
90o

QPSK

NRZ coding A

Q(t) Acos( ot + /2)

Q S :A 2 co + ) PK s( o
1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 /4 7 /4 3 /4 5 /4
Page38

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Demodulation

QPSK Constellation Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPSK Waveform

1,1

-1,1

-1,1 1,-1 -1,-1

NRZ Output

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

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Wireless Propagation
Transmitted Signal

Amplitude

Transmission Loss: Path Loss + Multi-path Fading

Received Signal
Time

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Propagation of Radio Signal

2 0 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
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Signal at Transmitter

dBm

Signal at Receiver

dB

Fading

Fading Categories

Fading Categories

Slow Fading Fast Fading

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Page42

Diversity Technique

Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining

Reduce the effects of fading

Fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing

Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity

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Diversity

Time diversity

Channel coding, Block interleaving

Frequency diversity

The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum

Space diversity

Receive space diversity Transmit space diversity

Polarization diversity

Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization

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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
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Principle of RAKE Receiver

The RAKE receiver take advantage of multi-path diversity The RAKE receiver processes the received signal

Identify the time delay positions at which significant energy arrives Allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks Within each Rake finger, track the fast-changing phase and amplitude values Adjust the phase, remove the values originating from fast-fading Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active fingers Present them to the decoder for further processing

This processing is called Maximal Ratio Combining

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Page46

Summary

In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:

Spreading / Despreading principle UTRAN Voice Coding UTRAN Channel Coding UTRAN Spreading Code UTRAN Scrambling Code UTRAN Modulation UTRAN Transmission/Receiving

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Page47

Thank you
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