GENDER DIVERSITY

Eva Marie G. Gutierrez UP PVO

SESSION 2 OUTLINE
Gender

Diversity Gender Discrimination Gender Sensitivity

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER

Assigned sex: the sex assigned to a person upon his/her birth reflected in the certificate of live birth as determined by a doctor/birth attendant.

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER

Gender identity: a persons sense of being male, female, both or neither which may or may not correspond to that persons body or assigned sex at birth and which may or may not be reflected in gender expression. It is now acknowledged that gender identity resolves itself independent of a persons birth assigned sex, physical characteristics, initial gender role and sexual orientation (Besser et al, 2006).

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER

Sexual orientation: understood to refer to each persons capacity for profound emotional, affectional, and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with, individuals of a different gender or the same gender or more than one gender (Yogyakarta Principles).

ASSIGNED SEX/GENDER

GENDER IDENTITY

GENDER EXPRESSION

SEXUAL PREFERENCE

ASSIGNED GENDER/SEX

SEXUAL PREFERENCE

NO NECESSARY
CONNECTIONS

GENDER IDENTITY

GENDER EXPRESSION

SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS

Attracted to the opposite sex = HETEROSEXUAL Attracted to the same sex = HOMOSEXUAL Attracted to both male and female = BISEXUAL Attracted to neither male nor female = ASEXUAL

ASSIGNED SEX/GENDER

GENDER IDENTITY

GENDER EXPRESSION SEXUAL PREFERENCE

ASSIGNED SEX/GENDER

GENDER IDENTITY

GENDER EXPRESSION SEXUAL PREFERENCE

TRANS + GENDER

To change (as in transform) gender The term is credited to Virginia Prince a cross dresser from the US who coined the term in the 70s to describe her desire to be a woman without changing her sex. To cross or go across (as in transit) the genders To go beyond or be beyond (as in transcend) gender

TRANS + GENDER

Only the term transgender is new although transgender people have existed in every culture, race and class since the beginning of time (Green, 2000). There is also preference for it, as the term is not clinical and came from the community (Green, 2000).

TRANSGENDER

In its broadest sense, can mean anybody regardless of sexual orientation, whose appearance, personal characteristics and behaviors do not fit conventional definitions of man and woman. This can include anyone from feminine acting men or masculine looking women to people who use hormones and/or surgery to realign their bodies with their gender identity.

TRANSGENDER
Understood

within and outside the global lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community as referring to gender variant or gender diverse people or those whose gender identity and/or expression are not traditionally associated with their birth assigned sex. is not a sexual orientation and thus encompasses a wide range of people who may identify as nonsexual (asexual), heterosexual, homosexual and/or bisexual.

Transgender

IDENTITIES UNDER THE TRANSGENDER

UMBRELLA
Cross

Dressers people who occasionally adopt the clothing or appearance associated with the other gender. Cross dressers do not seek permanent change in their physical appearance or manner of expression

IDENTITIES UNDER THE TRANSGENDER

UMBRELLA

Genderqueersare those who reject the notion that there are only two genders. Genderqueer people do not identify as being distinctly male or female. Sometimes they identify as both (i.e., intergender) or neither nor (i.e., agender) thereby identifying as a third gender. Because of their ambiguous gender expression, they are sometimes called androgynes.

IDENTITIES UNDER THE TRANSGENDER

UMBRELLA
Intersex is

now the preferred term ascribed to people born with atypical sex characteristics.
The old term for this condition was hermaphroditism. Because of this specious term, people with intersex conditions were mistakenly thought of as having both male and female genitalia, a biological impossibility.

In fact, intersex people may have sex hormones, chromosomes, external genitalia and internal reproductive systems that are not considered standard male or female.

Intersex people do not necessarily identify as trans.

IDENTITIES UNDER THE TRANSGENDER

UMBRELLA
Transsexualsare

people whose gender identity is the direct opposite of their assigned sex at birth.

Many but not all transsexual people resolve this incongruence by changing their gender expression and anatomy through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and various surgeries, a process commonly referred to as transition. Transsexuals who do not transition may maintain that their true gender identity is still opposite to the one assigned to them at birth.

TRANSGENDERISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Dates back to pre-Hispanic times Transgender people called asog/bayoguin held positions of social prestige as community priestesses and healers. They worked as babaylan/catalonan/ daetan/baliana and served as a religious leader, equal in status to the communitys political leader. (Garcia, 1996).

TRANSGENDERISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

They reflect a tradition of transgender shamanism that can also be found in other Asian countries such as Burma/Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, India, China, etc. (Winter, 2002b). As in other ancient cultures, they were venerated as a third gender or a female variant and thought to posses wisdom others didnt have (Allen, 2008)

TRANSGENDERISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Presently there is no indigenous term for transgender Filipinos Lack of understanding of the transgender phenomenon interprets it as an extreme form of homosexuality

TRANSGENDERISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Modern transgender consciousness in the Philippines, thus, feels a need to coin a new term to distinguish transgender people TRANSPINAY term was coined by the Society of Transsexual Women of the Philippines (STRAP) (Visit www.tsphilippines.com)

L AUNCH OF THE. . .

TRANSPINAY
From

transgender/ transsexual (trans for short) and Filipina (Pinay for short) Includes all females of Philippine descent who were assigned male at birth Symbolizes our right to define our gender identity

The most prominent transpinay at the moment. . .

The

Math Goddess of Iloilo

Ms. RICA PARAS

TRANSPINAYS ARE ONE WITH OTHER WOMEN OF TRANS EXPERIENCE FROM AROUND THE WORLD IN CELEBRATING GENDER DIVERSITY.

Two-spirit

people from North American Indian tribes, the travesti from Latin America, the male-to-female priestesses of the Araucanians from Chile and Argentina, the mahu, fakaleiti and fa-a-fa-fine of Oceania and cross-gendered individuals from various African tribes

The hijras and kothi from Bangladesh and India, the kathoey from Thailand and Laos, the acault (pronounced achow) from Burma/ Myanmar, the mak nyah from Malaysia, the waria or banci from Indonesia, the bin sing yan and bian xing ren (sex change people) from Hong Kong and China respectively, the newhalf from Japan, and the xanith from Oman.

There are also trans people in Singapore, Korea, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq without local names.

SOME SUCCESSFUL TRANSSEXUAL WOMEN (FROM THE WEB SITE OF LYNN CONWAY)

Georgina Beyer (former member of New Zealand Parliament) Susan Stryker (writer/historian; author of Transgender History)

Mianne Bagger (professional golfer)

SOME SUCCESSFUL TRANSSEXUAL WOMEN (FROM THE WEB SITE OF LYNN CONWAY)

Michelle Dumaresq (mountain bike racer)

Jennifer Boylan (screenwriter/author/teacher)

Femke Olyslager, Ph.D. (passed away in January 2009; Professor of Electrical Engineering & Applied Physics, University of Ghent, Belgium)

DISCRIMINATION
o

any distinction, exclusion or restriction of individuals or groups of individuals

Impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by someone, irrespective of marital status, on the basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms

GENDER DISCRIMINATION
Discrimination on the basis of another persons sex/gender is called gender discrimination Gender discrimination is a key human rights violation, because

it is directed even to those we would otherwise consider equal and closest to us, like our spouses and children. It is very widespread and pervasive.

MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER
DISCRIMINATION Stereotyping Multiple Burden Subordination Marginalization Ostracism Violence Against Women

STEREOTYPING

Expectations and value systems imposed on people regarding their roles and behavior in the family, the community and in the greater society.

MULTIPLE BURDEN

The myriad of responsibilities imposed on women both within and outside the family which translates to longer work hours and a wider breadth of tasks relative to men

(POLITICAL) SUBORDINATION

Women are expected to take secondary roles to men with regard to decision making at the household level, at the workplace, and at the legislative level.

(ECONOMIC) MARGINALIZATION
Gender division of labor (productive; reproductive) Undervaluation/Lack of recognition of womens contribution to the economy Limitation of opportunities Lesser pay for equal value of work

(SOCIAL) OSTRACISM

Women and men who defy moral standards are often shunned by others, including family members, neighbors, church/school/ work mates, etc.

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (VAW)

VAW is any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.

FORMS OF VAW
Domestic violence Sex trafficking Prostitution Rape Sexual harassment

EFFECTS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

unwanted

pregnancies unsafe abortions STI/HIV physical abuse low self-esteem psychological problems (e.g., depression, nervous
anxiety, etc.)

breakdown,

unemployment financial/economic dependence death

GENDER SENSITIVITY
Gender awareness The ability to recognize gender issues and to recognize women's different perceptions and interests arising from their different social position and gender roles

WHY DO WE NEED TO BE GENDER SENSITIVE?