UNIT- I INTRODUCTION

SATELLITE SYSTEM

History of satellite communication

Applications

Satellite System for Global Mobile Telecommunication Communication with the satellite is possible for the mobile users via a mobile user link (MUL). The base station controlling the satellite and acting as gateway to other networks via the gateway link (GWL). Satellites may be able to communicate directly with each other via inter satellite links (ISL).

Classical satellite systems

Basics
Satellite orbit around the earth, depends on the application i.e., circular or elliptical

Satellite period and orbits

Dependency of satellite period and distance to earth

When the satellite period equals 24 hours, i.e. distance of 35,786 km, having an orbit time of 24 hours.

Basics

Inclination angle of a satellite

The inclination angle is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the plane described by the satellite orbit. An inclination angle of 0 degrees means that the satellite is exactly above the equator. If the satellite doesnt have a circular orbit, the closes point to the earth is called the perigee.

Inclination

Elevation

Elevation angle of a satellite

Elevation angle I is defined as the angle between the center of the satellite beam and the plane tangential to the earths surface. Footprint : the area on earth where the signals of the satellite can be received.

Link budget of satellites

Atmospheric attenuation

Signal attenuation due to atmospheric absorption

Its depends on the elevation, the signal has to penetrate a smaller or larger percentage of the atmosphere. Generally ,an elevation less than 10 degrees is considered useless for communication.

Orbits I

Orbits II

Geostationary satellites

LEO systems

MEO systems

Routing

Localization of mobile stations

Handover in Satellite Systems

Several additional situation for handover in satellite systems compared to cellular mobile phone networks caused by the movement of the satellite. 1 . Intra-satellite handover : - A user might move from one spot beam of a satellite to another spot beam of the same satellite. - using special antennas, satellite can create several spot beams within its footprint. 2 . Inter-satellite handover: - if a user leaves the footprint of a satellite or if the satellite moves away, a handover to the next satellite takes place. - this type of handover can also takes palace between satellites if they support ISLs.

 3. Gateway handover: -While the mobile user and satellite might still have good contact, the satellite might move away from the current gateway. The satellite has to connect to the another satellite. 4. Inter-system handover: - The above three types of handover take place within the satellite-based communication system, but this type is concern with different systems. - Here the handover between satellite systems and terrestrial cellular networks.

Handover in satellite systems

Overview of LEO/MEO systems

Unidirectional distribution systems or Broadcast systems

Broadcast systems can be classified in two ways - DAB - Digital audio broadcast. - DVB - Digital video broadcast. It is an extreme version of asymmetric communication systems. Its often to bandwidth limitations, differences in transmission power, or cost factors prevent a communication form being symmetrical. Symmetrical communication systems offer the same transmission capabilities in both the directions. i.e. Channel transmission A -> B are the same as for B -> A.

Unidirectional distribution systems

Unidirectional distribution

 High bandwidth data stream exists from the one sender to many receivers. A sender tries to optimize the transmitted packet stream for the access patterns of all receivers without knowing their exact requirements. All packets are then transmitted via a broadcast to all receivers. Each receiver now picks up the packets needed and drops the others or stores them for future use respectively. These additional functions are needed to personalize distributed data depending on individual requirements and applications.

Cyclical Repetition of Data

The cyclical repetition of data blocks sent via broadcast is often called a broadcast disk. Different patterns are possible A,B, and C in a cycle. Flat disk:- All blocks are repeated one after another. Every block is transmitted for an equal amount of time, the average waiting time for the receiving block is the same for A,B, and C. Skewed disks :- One or more data blocks by repeating them once or several times. - Its raises the probability of receiving a repeated block (A) if the block was corrupted the first time. Multi-disks:- Distributes blocks that are repeated more often others evenly the cyclic pattern. this minimizes the delay if a user wants to access e.g. block A.

Structuring transmissions broadcast disks

DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting

OFDM

DAB transport mechanisms

Transport modes in MSC Stream Mode:

Offers a transparent data transmission from the source to the destination with a fixed bit rate in a sub channel. A sub channel is part of the MSC and comprises the several CUs within a CIF. The fixed rate can be multiples of 8 kbits/s.

Packet Mode :
Transfers the data in addressable blocks (packets). These blocks are used to convey MSC data within a sub channel.

DAB Frame Structure

DAB Frame Structure

Each frame has a duration TF of 24, 48, or 96 ms depending on the transmission mode. DAB define four different transmission modes Within each frame, 76 or 153 symbols are transmitted using 192,384,768, or 1536 different carriers for COFDM. The guard intervals Td protecting each symbol can be 31,62,123, or 246 Qs. Each frame consists of three parts. The synchronization channel (SC) marks the start of a frame. It consists of a null symbol and a phase reference to synchronize the receiver. The Fast Information Channel (FIC) follows, containing control data in the FIBs. Finally , the Main Service Channel (MSC) carries audio and data service components.

DAB sender

Components of a DAB sender

Audio services are encoded and decoded for transmission. All data services are multiplexed and also coded with redundancy. The MSC multiplexer combines all user data streams and forwards them to the transmission multiplexer. This unit creates the fame structure by interleaving the FIC. Finally OFDM coding is applied and the DAB signal is transmitted.

DAB receiver

Audio coding

Dynamic reconfiguration of the DAB multiplexer

Dynamic reconfiguration of the DAB multiplexer

DAB transmits six audio programmes of different quality together with in nine data services. Each audio program has its PAD i.e. Program Associated Data can contain program information and control information.. From the above diagram audio 1,2,and 3 have high quality, 4 and 5 have low quality, while 6 has the lowest quality. Programmes 1 to 3 could be higher quality classic transmissions, while program 6 could be voice transmission. The DAB multiplexer dynamically interleaves data from all different sources. To inform the receiver about the current configuration of the MSC carrying the different data streams, the FIC sends multiplex configuration information (MCI).

Multimedia Object Transfer Protocol (MOT)

DAB are facing in which technology the receiver to receive the data?

MOT Object Structure

MOT object & segments (data carousel)

Object repetition: DAB can repeat objects several times. If an object A consists of four segments (A1,A2,A3,A4) a simple repetition pattern would be A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4 Interleaved objects: DAB can also interleaving segments from different objects. Interleaving the objects A, B, and C could result in the pattern A1B1C1A2B2C2A3B3C3. Segment repetition : DAB can repeat the these segments more often e.g. A1A1A2A2A2A3A4A4 Header repetition:
If a receiver cannot receive the header of an MOT, It will not be able to decode the object. It can be useful to retransmit the header several times. Then , the receiver can synchronize with the data stream as soon as it receives the header and can start decoding. A pattern could be HA1A2HA3A4HA5A6 with H being the header of the MOT object A.

Digital Video Broadcasting

Components of DVB Architecture

The center point is an integrated receiver-decoder (set-topbox) connected to a high-resolution monitor. The set-of-box can receive DVB signals via satellites, terrestrial local/regional senders like cable, B-ISDN, ADSL, etc. Audio / video streams can be recorded, processed, and replayed using digital versatile disk (DVD) or multimedia PCs. DVB also transmits data using flexible containers. It sends service information contained in its data stream, which specifies the content of a container. Types of containers are Network information table (NIT) : NIT lists the services of a provider and contains additional information for the set-topbox.

 Service description table (SDT) : SDT lists names and parameters for each service within an MPEG multiplex channel. Event information table (EIT): EIT contains status information about the current transmission and some additional information for set-top-boxes. Time and data table (TDT): finally, TDT contains update information for set-top-boxes.

DVB Container

Example: high-speed Internet access

DVB for high-speed Internet access

An information provider e.g. video store, offers its data to potential customers with the help of a service provider. If a customer wants to download high-volume information, the information provider transmits this information to a satellite provider via a service provider. The satellite provider now multiplexes this data stream together with other digital TV channels and transmits it to the customer via satellite and a satellite receiver. The customer can now receive the requested information with in the help of a DVB adapter inside a multi-media PC. The information for the customer will be encrypted to ensure that only paying customers can use the information. The return channel for requests can be a standard TCP/IP connection via the internet . The data rates per user are 5-30 Mbit/s for the downlink via satellite and return channel with 33 kbits/s using a standard modem,64 kbits/s with ISDN, or several 100 kbit/s using DSL.

Convergence of broadcasting and mobile comm.

 Convergence of digital broad casting systems and mobile communication systems ETSI (2000) and ETSI (1999d) with the interaction channels through GSM for DAB and DVB respectively. An interaction channel is not only common to DAB and DVB but covers also different fixed and mobile systems (UMTS, DECT, ISDN, PSTN , etc.). The above fig shows high bandwidth audio and video is sent together with IP data via the broadcast cannel. IP data could use multi-casting, data carousels etc.

Comparison of UMTS, DAB and DVB