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TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Concepts in Engineering Circuit Analysis 1.1 Circuit, Circuit Elements and Experimental Laws 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Current, Voltage and Power 1.1.3 Circuits and Circuit Elements 1.1.4 Ohms Law 1.1.5 Kirchoffs laws 1.1.6 R, L, C and Source Combination 1.1.7 Voltage and Current Division 1.2 Useful Techniques in Circuit Analysis
2. The Transient Circuit 2.1 Source-Free RL and RC Circuits 2.2 Application of Unit-Step Forcing Functions 2.3 The RLC Circuit 3. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 3.1 The Phasor Concept 3.2 The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response 3.3 Average Power and RMS Values
Grading System: Quizzes: First Prelim Exam: Second Prelim Exam: Final Exam: Passing: 60% 25% 25% 25% 25%
Example 5.88 teramiles (Tmi) 3 gigahertz (Ghz) 5 megohms (M;) 15 kilowatts (kw) 2.5 milliampere (mA) 5 microhenry (QH) 2 nanofarad (nF) 6 picofarad (pF)
n p
i = dq/dt
Representation:
+ v -
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology College of Engineering C. Power (p) - product of voltage and current - unit: watt (W) - unit named after James Watt
Representation:
+ v -
Passive Sign Convention: If the current arrow and the voltage polarity signs are placed at the terminals of the element such that the current enters that end of the element marked with the positive sign, and if both the arrow and the sign pair are labeled with appropriate algebraic quantities, then the power absorbed by the element can be expressed by the algebraic product of these quantities.
Examples:
-5 A 3A + 2V + 4V -
1.1.3 Circuits and Circuit Elements Circuit an interconnection of simple electrical devices in which there is at least one closed path for which current may flow. Circuit Element mathematical model of two-terminal electrical device Types: A. Active Elements capable of delivering power to some external device Independent Sources Independent Voltage Source (IVS) characterized by a terminal voltage which is completely independent of the current through it
3V +| + 10 V -
Dependent Sources
Network interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements Circuit a network with at least one closed path
- total opposition of direct current (DC) - ratio of voltage to current - measured in ohm ( ; ) -unit named after George Simon Ohm, a German physicist + v -
Resistors
p = vi = i2R = v2/R
Conductance (G)
- reciprocal of resistance - ratio of current to voltage - measured in mho or siemen (S) - a resistance of zero ohm - current through it may have a value - infinite resistance - current is zero (no current flow)
CAPACITORS
INDUCTORS
- named after Gustav Robert Kirchoff, German Professor electrical conductors/leads connector of circuit elements - has a zero resitance/perfectly conducting node a point at which two or more elements have a common connection PITFALL: Sometime networks are drawn so as to trap an unwary student into believing that there are more nodes present than is actually are. Path terms used for set of nodes and elements when there is no node encountered more than once Loop a closed path (node started is the same node ended) Branch a single path in a network - composed of one simple element and the node at each end
A. Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) Algebraic sum of all currents entering any node is zero
IA IC IB
ID
CE = CL [On a node, sum of currents entering equals sum of currents leaving] So, IA + IB = IC + ID
B. Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) Algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero
+ V1 -
+ V2 -
-V1 + V2 + V3 = 0
+ V3 -
Applying KVL:
[Equilibrium Equation] An equation relating the desired response function (vc) to the source function V.
SOLUTION:
+ i
+ iR iC
KVL at left mesh: -Vs + R1i + Ldi/dt + Vo = 0 KCL at node A: i = iR + iC = Vo/R2 + CdVo/dt
(eq. 1) (eq. 2)
B. Parallel
B. Parallel
Example: LC Network
Example: LC Network in which no series or parallel combinations of either the inductors or capacitors can be made
Example 1:
Solution 1:
Io
A KVL at left mesh: -60 + 1kIo + 5kIo = 0; Io = 60/6k = 10 mA So, Vo = (5k)(Io) = (5k)(10m) = 50 V By Current Division: i1 = (500)(6mVo)/(2500) = 500(6m)(50)/2500 = 60 mA i2 = (2000)(6mVo)/(2500) = 2000(6m)(50)/2500 = 240 mA KCL at A: Io = Io + i3 ; i3 = 0