Organization: Organization is structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agree-on objectives.

Organizations consist of structured social units, such as individuals or work groups, who strive to attain a common goal, such as to produce and sell a product at a profit.

Organizational behavior is the study and application of knowledge about human behavior related to other elements of the organization such as structure, technology and social system.

Organizational behavior can be defined as the understanding, prediction, and management of human behavior in organizations.

Aldag ad Brief defined OB as follows:  Organizational Behavior is branch of the social sciences that seeks to build theories that can be applied to predicting, understanding and controlling behavior in work organizations.

Process of Organizational Behaviour

UNDERSTANDING which variables are important? How strong are they? How do they interrelate? PREDICTION what patterns of behaviour are present? What is cause effect relationship?

CONTROL What solutions are possible? Which variables can be influenced? How can they be influenced?

Organizational behaviour is  the study and application of knowledge about how people act within organizations.  It is a human tool for human benefit.  It applies broadly to the behaviour of people in all types of organization such as business, schools and service organizations.

Organizational behaviour is the study of organizational components, and their impact on human behaviour and organizational performances. Such study can benefit from a various behavioral and social sciences.

Characteristics of OB:  Focuses primarily on people.  Systematic study of the actions and attitudes that people exhibit within organizations.  Emphasizes the interactions and relations between the organization and individual behaviour.  Concerned with work-related behaviour in which people are motivated.  Seeks to fulfill both employee needs and organizational objectives.

Nature and Scope of OB: 1. A field of study and not a discipline. 2. Interdisciplinary Approach 3. An applied science 4. Behavioral Approach to Management 5. Concern with Environment 6. Scientific Method Foundation 7. Contingency Orientation 8. Levels of Performance Analysis 9. Few Absolutes 10. A systems Approach 11. Humanistic and Optimistic

1. A field of study and not a discipline:  synthesize borrowed concepts, and processes in the field of enquiry.  Its Principles are difficult to define in scientific terms and its boundaries are not clear.

2. Interdisciplinary Approach:  OB has its roots in well established fields as psychology, sociology, and anthropology.  OB also takes relevant concepts from economics, political science and law.

3. An applied science:  OB is oriented towards understanding the forces that affect behaviour so that their effects may be predicted and guided towards effective functioning of organization.

4. Behavioral Approach to Management:  OB is related with the conceptual and human dimensions of management.

5. Concern with Environment:  OB has a distinctly humanistic tone, reflected in the concern for selfdevelopment, personal growth, and self-actualization.

6. scientific Method Foundation:  OB follows the scientific method and makes use of logic theory in its investigations and in answering the research questions.

7. Contingency Orientation:  This approach is directed towards developing managerial actions that are most appropriate for a specific situation.

8. Levels of Performance Analysis:  Field of OB embraces three levels of performance analysis:  Individual  Group  Formal organization

9. Few Absolutes:  Human beings are very complex and are not alike, which limits the OB manager to make simple and accurate generalizations about human behaviour.

10. A systems approach:  Analyses the behaviour in view of psychological, social and cultural factors.  It carefully links the variables together.

11. Humanistic and Optimistic:  OB focuses the attention on people form humanistic point of view.  OB is based on the belief that needs and motivation of people are of high concern.

Conceptual Model for Organizational Behaviour

FORMAL ORGANIZATION HUMAN BEING ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS
Groups Informal Organization CONFLICT & CHANGE Frustration Goal Conflict Role Conflict Human Resistance HUMAN ADAPTATION TO ORGANIZATION Motivation Techniques Leadership Techniques Organization Development

STRUCTURE Classical Neoclassical Modern PROCESSES Decision Making Communication Control TECHNOLOGY Techniques Human Knowledge

BIOLOGICAL PHYSICOLOGICAL Heredity Nervous System Sense Organs Muscles & Glands PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES Perception Learning Motivation PERSONALITY Development Structure