Protective Relays

AVS Ramesh Dy.Manager (Operation Services) POWERGRID

Bus-2 Bus-1

21

Ckt-1

Ckt-2

One and Half Breaker Scheme

Distance Protection
Distance Protection schemes shall have
 

 

Three independent zones Separate measurements for all Phase to Phase & Phase to ground faults. Single and three pole tripping capability. Directional characteristics for Zone-1, Zone-2 and Zone-3. Capability of operation for close up three phase and switch on to faults. Adjustable characteristic angle to match line angle.

Distance Protection
Distance Protection schemes shall have


Accuracy of better than or equal to 5% of set value for reach measurement in Zone-1 & Better than equal to 10% of set value for Zone-2 & Zone-3. Accuracy of better than or equal to 5% of set value for time measurement of Zone-2 & Zone-3. Power Swing detection feature for selective blocking, as required. Suitable fuse failure protection to monitor all types of fuse failure and block the protection.

Distance Protection - Setting criteria

Reach Setting:


Zone-1 : To cover 80-85% of protected line section. Zone-2 : To cover minimum 150% of length of principal line section. Zone-3 : To cover 120% of principal section plus adjacent longest section.

Distance Protection - Setting criteria

Zone-3 Zone-2 Zone-1

A 85% 150%

ZAB + 120%

Distance Protection - Setting criteria

Time setting:
 

Zone-1 : Instantaneous Zone-2 : 0.3 sec, 0.5 sec (For short line followed by long line) Zone-3 : 1.0 sec.

Power Swing
X Z3 Z2 Z1 Load Area Recoverable Swing

Phase Comparison Protection

   

Current Phase comparison type Suitable for operation without PLCC High sensitivity for all types of faults Capable of single and three pole tripping

Phase Comparison Relay (Through fault)

A B

A B A+B No Trip

B A A+B No Trip

Phase Comparison Relay (In-Zone fault)

A B

A B A+B Trip

B A A+B Trip

Phase Comparison Protection shall be

Un-Affected by :  Heavy load transfer  Power swings  CT saturation  CT Phase errors  Propagation delays  Capacitance current

Technology comparison for Protective Relays

Sl. Subject No. 1. Measuring Elements/ Hardware Construction size Parameter setting Electromechanical Induction disc, Electromagnets , Induction cup, Balance beam Bulky Plug setting, Dial setting Static/Electro nic Discrete R, L, C, Transistors, Analogue ICs, Comparators Modular, Compact Thumb wheel, Potentiometers, Dual In Line switches Numerical Microprocesso rs, Digital ICs, Digital Signal Processors Most compact Keypad for Numerical values

2. 3.

Technology comparison for Protective Relays continued

Sl. Subject No. 4. 5. CT Loading/ burden Self monitoring ElectroStatic/ mechanical Electronic 8-10 VA No 1 VA Yes .Hardware partially .Power supply No Numerical

< 0.5 VA Yes .Hardware .Power supply .Output relays .Software .CT, PT, Ckts Yes

6.

Temperature Yes stability

Technology comparison for Protective Relays continued

Sl. No. 7. 8. Subject Electromechanical No Static/ Electronic Yes Numerical

Vibration proof

Yes

Harmonic No immunity Calibration

Possible through Yes, digital filtering analog filtering incorporated Not required as settings are stored in memory in digital format

9.

Frequently Required as settings drift required as settings drift due to ageing due to ageing

Technology comparison for Protective Relays continued

Sl. Subject No. 10. 11. Auxilliary supply ElectroStatic/Electro Numerical mechanica nic l Required Required Susceptible Required Immune

Electromagnet Immune ic/electrostatic /HF disturbance

12. 13.

Multiple Not possible Not possible characteristics Integrated protective functions Not possible Not possible

Possible Possible

Technology comparison for Protective Relays continued

Sl. Subject No. 14. 15. 16. 17. Range of settings Operational value indication Fault disturbance recording Digital communication port ElectroStatic/ mechanical Electronic Limited Not possible Not possible Not possible Wide Possible Not possible Numerical Wide Possible Possible

Not available Available

18.

Commissioning No support from relay

No

Yes

Numerical Distance Relay

Signal Input Analog filter Sample & Hold Trip /alarm Multiplexer A/D converter Digital Filter Relay logic Protn. algorithm

Numeric Protection Sample and hold amplifier

Numeric Protection Signal Sampling principle

Numeric Protection Typical numeric relay hardware

Numeric Protection Distance relay model of Transmission Line

Numeric Protection Impedance measuring algorithm

Vr = Rir + L (dir/dt) -------------- (1) where R = Series Resistance L = Inductance vr = Relaying voltage ir = Relaying current The current derivative of equation (1) can be written as Vr = Rir + L ir where ir = (dir/dt)

Numeric Protection Impedance measuring algorithm ..contd.

To solve for two unknowns, two equations are required.. Hence two sets of relay voltages, currents and current derivatives are utilised. Vr1 = Rir1 + L ir1 Vr2 = Rir2 + L ir2 Combining the above two equations, R = (Vr1ir2 - Vr2 ir1) /(ir1 ir2 - ir2 ir1) L = (Vr2 ir1 - Vr1ir2 ) / (ir1 ir2 - ir2 ir1 ) For convenience, let D = (ir1 ir2 - ir2 ir1 )

Numeric Protection Impedance measuring algorithm ..contd



The apparent resistance and reactance presented to the relay may be calculated as follows: R x D = (Vr1ir2 - Vr2 ir1) and XxD= where LD = (Vr2 ir - Vr1ir2 )

is power system frequency and X is reactance

Numeric Protection Impedance measuring algorithm ..Time spaced solution

Numeric Protection Impedance measuring algorithm ..current derivative

Numeric Protection Quadrilateral characteristic and counting strategy

Auto Reclosing scheme

 

 

Single Phase and /or three Phase reclosing facilities Continuously variable single phase and three phase dead time. Continuously variable reclaim time Facility of selecting single phase / three phase / Single & three phase auto reclosure/ Non-auto reclosure modes. Facility for selecting check synchronising or dead line charging features. Sequential reclosing facility of breakers in multiple breaker arrangement.

Auto Reclosing scheme



Setting criteria of auto reclosure

 

Dead time : 1 sec Reclaim time : 25 Sec

Protections which shall start auto reclosing

 

Main-I Protection Main-II Protection

Auto Reclosure Sequence

R I Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B II

R Y B

R Y B III

Auto Reclosing scheme



Protections which block auto reclosing:

       

LBB Line reactor Protection Over Voltage Protection Bus Bar Protection Zone-2/3 of distance Protection Circuit breaker problem Carrier fail Receipt of Direct Trip signal.

Over Voltage Protection

   

Two stages High drop off to pick up ratio. Adjustable setting range for voltage and time. Low set stage and shall monitor any one Phase Phase voltage and shall have associated timer. High set stage shall monitor all three voltage and shall have associated timer.

59

1.1 Vn CVT

Vn

Over Voltage Protection



Over Voltage Protection shall be connected to:

   

Trip connected line breaker(s) Start LBB Block auto reclose Send direct trip command

Over Voltage Protection-Settings



Low set stage at 110% with typical time delay of 5 seconds. High set stage at 150% with time delay of 100mSec

Transformer Protection
   

Transformer differential protection Restricted earth fault protection Over fluxing protection Back up directional Over current & Earth fault protection on HV side Back up directional Over current & Earth fault protection on IV side

Transformer Differential Protection

R Y B

R Y B

Transformer Protection


Protections & Monitors built-in to transformer

       

Buchholz relay Winding temperature Oil temperature Oil level Pressure relief Fire protection Protection of tertiary winding Over load alarm

Differential Protection


   

Triple pole feature with individual phase indication Unrestrained instantaneous high set O/C units which should not operate during in rush. Adjustable for multi bias setting Second harmonic or other inrush proof feature. One bias winding per phase and per CT input An adjustable operating current

Bias
3.0 Operate 2.0 Not-Operate

1.0 0.2

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Through Bias Current

Restricted earth fault protection

64

Over Fluxing Protection

 

Phase to Phase connected Operating on the principle of measurement of voltage to frequency ratio. Provided with inverse time characteristics compatible with transformer over fluxing. Provided with independent alarm with a definite time delay at value of V/F between 100% to 130% of rated value. Having high reset ratio of 98% or better.

Back-Up Over current protection

400KV

51

400/220 KV Transformer 51 220KV B

Over Load alarm

  

Single Pole feature Definite time over current feature Continuously variable current range of 50-200% of rated current and continuously variable timer setting range of 1 to 10 Secs. Drop off to Pick up ratio of 95% or better.

Reactor Protection
        

Differential Protection Restricted earth fault Protection Reactor Back-up protection Buchholz relay Winding temperature Oil Temperature Pressure relief Oil Level Fire Protection

Shunt Reactor
R Y B R Y B

Single line to Ground Fault

R Y B R Y B

Differential Protection Reactor



 

Operating current sensitivity of atleast 10% of nominal current Tuned to system frequency Suitable non-linear resistors to limit peak voltage during in-zone faults High or low impedance principle

Differential Protection Reactor



Operating current sensitivity of atleast 10% of nominal current Tuned to system frequency Suitable non-linear resistors to limit peak voltage during in-zone faults High or low impedance principle

 

Backup Protection-Reactor
 

Either Impedance type or definite time O/C & E/F type Impedance type reactor back up Protection shall be  Triple Pole type  Single step Polarised MHO or impedance distance relay  Having characteristic angle between 60 80 degree.  Provided with adjustable definite time delay relay  Provided with suitable range for covering 60% of reactor impedance.

Bus Bar Protection

Ckt-1

Ckt-2
R Y B N

87 Main Zone

Check Zone 87
R Y B N

Bus Bar Protection

 

  

3 Phase type and operate selectively for each bus bar section Operating on differential principle and shall provide independent zones of protection for each bus. Provided with Zone indication Stable for through fault condition Provided with continuous supervision for CT secondaries.

Local Breaker Backup protection

 

Short operation and drop-off times Three phase current elements with facility for phase wise initiation Current setting range such that the relay can be set at minimum 200mA (for line) and 50 mA (for generator) for 1Amp CT secondary Associated timer with adjustable setting.

Distance to Fault locator



 

 

Shall be electronic or microprocessor based On line type Shall be suitable for CB operation of 2 cycles Built-in display(KM) 3% accuracy for all type of faults

Distance to Fault locator



Accuracy shall not be affected by Remote end infeed

  

Dc component in fault current Arc resistance CVT transients

Mutual compensation facility Based on traveling wave generated by fault

Event Logger


  

To record the state of switchyard equipments and relays. To record the occurrence of alarms. To record changes in digital inputs To record switching of primary plant within sub-station.

Event Logger
  

  

Time synchronised with GPS clock Permissible drift +/- 0.5seconds/day Print out of current alarm and plant status available on request. To entry of date and time from key board. Programmability at site. Shall record 40 changes in 10mSec interval.

Disturbance Recorder


To understand behavior of the Power network before or after any disturbance. Useful info in planning of new installations. For further improvement in the equipment

Disturbance Recorder-Functions


 

Records instantaneous values of V, I, In and open delta voltage. Status of relay contacts and CB during disturbance. Requirement  Recoding capacity-8 analog + 16 digital.  Memory 5 sec  Min. Pre fault 160mSec  Post Fault 2sec- min , not less than 5sec.

Disturbance Recorder-Triggers
  

Any digital signal triggering. Analog triggering by threshold levels. Trigger selection of over/under levels should be possible. Time tagging:
 

Built-in real time clock. Drift of the clock shall not be more than 0.5sec per day.

Disturbance Recorder
  

Sampling rate : 1 Khz Recording : 5Hz to 250Hz. Special requirement:

   

Sync. With GPS 16Analog + 32 digital for D/C lines DR + FL If DR is part of Numerical Protection,external binary input should be possible.