CHAPTER 3 MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

(2 Hours) 3.1 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Impulse

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Define momentum. State the principle of conservation of linear momentum. State the conditions for elastic and inelastic collisions. Apply the principle of conservation of momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions. e) Define and use the coefficient of restitution, e !  v  v u u to determine the T types of collisions. T f) Define impulse, J ! (p and use F-t graph to determine impulse.
2 1 k 2 1

a) b) c) d)

Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum

When the net external force acting on a system is zero (isolated system), the total momentum of that system is constant (or conserved).

T dp 7Fnet ! 0 ! 0 p system ! constant dt

Hence, for an isolated system:

T p initial !

T p final
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We often use the principle of conservation of momentum to solve problems where objects collide or explode apart.

Collision
an isolated event in which 2 or more bodies (the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on each other for a relatively short time. In a collision, the change in the momentum of the system is zero because no external forces are acting on the system. Momentum is conserved for any collision

T T pinitial ! pfinal

There are 2 types of collision : (1) Elastic (2) Inelastic

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In an elastic collision,
Momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. T T pinitial ! pfinal

7K intial ! 7K final
In an inelastic collision, The momentum of a system is conserved.

T T pinitial ! pfinal
But its kinetic energy is not conserved.

7K intial { 7K final
( part of the initial kinetic energy would have been transformed to other forms of energy like sound & heat. )
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For completely / perfectly inelastic collision, objects stick together after impact. The objects have the same final velocity.

Apply Principle Conservation of Momentum,

m1u1  m2u 2 ! (m1  m2)v

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Elastic Collision in one dimension motion

Consider 2 particles that undergo an elastic head-on collision.

In this case, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. According to the Principle of Conservation of Momentum:

m1u1  m 2u 2 ! m1v1  m 2v 2

Knowing that kinetic energy is conserved for the system:

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m1 u1  m 2 u 2 ! m1 v1  m 2 v 2 2 2 2 2
Elastic Collision in two dimension motion
- can be analyzed by using the fact that momentum is a vector quantity. - consider an elastic collision between 2 objects in which the collision is oblique (not head-on) collision.
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before

after

The initial velocity for object m1 is u1 along the x axis and the object with mass m2 is initially at rest.
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After the collision, two objects move off in different direction. According to Principle of Conservation of Momentum: Momentum along x-axis:

7 px before ! 7 px after m1 u1 ! m1 v1 cos U 1  m 2 v 2 cos U 2

Momentum along y-axis:

7 py before ! 7 py after 0 ! m1 v1 sin U 1  m 2 v 2 sin U 2

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Example
A 200 g tennis ball moving with a velocity of 15 m s1 along x axis collides with a stationary ball of 800 g as shown in figure below. After the collision, tennis ball is scattered at an angle of 45 from its original direction with velocity of 5 m s1. Find the final velocity (magnitude and direction) of the struck ball.

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Solution Conservation of Momentum along x-axis:

7 px before ! 7 px after m1 u1 ! m1 v1 cosU 1  m 2 v 2 cosU 2

(0.2) (15) ! (0.2) 5 cos 45  (0.8) v 2 cosU 2 3 ! 0.7071  0.8v 2 cosU 2 0.8 v 2 cosU 2 ! 2.2929 v 2 cosU 2 ! 2.8661 . (1)
Conservation of Momentum along y-axis:

7 py before ! 7 py after ! m1 v1 si

 m 2 v 2 si

2
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0 ! (0.2) 5 sin 45  (0.8) v 2 sin U 2 0.8 v 2 sin U 2 ! 0.7071 v 2 sin U 2 ! 0.8839 . (2)
( 2) : (1) v 2 sin U 2 0.8839 ! v 2 cosU 2 2.8661
tan U 2 ! 0.3084 U 2 ! 17.14r
Substitute
2

into equation (2):

v 2 sin 17.14r ! 0.8839 0.8839 1 v2 ! ! 3 ms 0.2947

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Example ( PYQ Session 2004/05 ) Object A of mass 8 kg moving at 4 m s1 collides with another object B of mass 6 kg moving at 5 m s1 in the opposite direction. After the collision, object A moves opposite to its initial direction at 0.1 m s1. (i) What is the velocity of B after the collision? (ii) Show that the collision is inelastic. Solution Given: Before collision : mA = 8 kg , uA = 4 m s1 mB = 6 kg , uB = 5 m s1 ( opposite direction with object A )
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after collision : vA = 0.1 m s1 ( opposite to its initial direction ) vB = ? (i) Using Principle of Conservation of Momentum:

7 p before ! 7 p after m Au A  m Bu B ! m Av A  m Bv B 8 ( 4 )  6 (  5 ) ! 8 (  0 . 1)  6 v B 6 v B ! 2 .8 v B ! 0 . 467 m s 1

(ii) For an inelastic collision, kinetic energy of the system is conserved

1 KEbefore ! 2

1 Au A  2
2

uB 2
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1 1 2 ! (8)(4)  (6)(5) 2 2 2 ! 64  75 ! 139 J KEafter 1 ! 2 1  AvA 2

2

vB 2

1 1 2 2 ! (8)(0.1)  (6)(0.467) 2 2 ! 0.04  0.6543 ! 0.6943 J

KE before KE after inelastic collision
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Example A stationary 2.50 kg block of wood suspended by a wire of negligible mass. A 0.01 kg bullet is fired into the block. The block (with the bullet in it) swings to a maximum height of 0.65 m above the initial position. Find the initial speed the bullet is fired.

ub

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Solution Given: m1 = 0.01 kg, m2 = 2.50 kg hf = 0.65 m before collision, block is stationary find u1 = ? Completely inelastic collision

u2 = 0

m1u1  m 2u 2 ! ( m1  m 2)vf 0.01(u1)  0 ! (0.01  2.50)vf u1 ! 251vf . (1)

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Apply Conservation of Mechanical energy

1 2 ( m1  m 2)vf ! (m1  m 2) ghf 2 1 2 (2.51)vf ! 2.51(9.81)(0.65) 2 -1 vf ! 3.57 m s

Substitute into (1) :

u1 ! 251(3.57)
u1 ! 896.07 m s
-1
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Coefficient of Restitution
Is the ratio of the difference in velocities before and after the collision.

v 2  v1 ek !  u 2  u1
where v1 & v2 velocity of objects after collision u1 & u2 velocity of objects before collision The value of ek is always between 0 and 1. A perfectly elastic collision has ek = 1 A perfectly inelastic collision has ek = 0
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Example A ball with the mass of 1 kg moves to the right at 4 m s1 and collides with a stationary ball with the mass of 2 kg. Calculate the final velocity of each ball if the collision is elastic. Solution uA = 4 m A s1 B vA = ? A vB = ? B

before

after
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Conservation of momentum

7pi ! 7pf
mAuA  mBuB ! mAvA  mBvB 1( 4)  2(0) ! vA  2vB
vA ! 4  2vB . (1)
The coefficient of restitution

v 2  v1 vB  vA ek !  !  u 2  u1 04

vA ! vB  4 . (2)
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Equating (1) & (2) :

4  2vB ! vB  4
vB ! 2.67 m s
-1

( Ball B moves to the right ) From:

vA ! vB  4 vA ! 2.67  4 vA ! 1.33 m s
-1

( Ball A moves to the left )

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Impulse

When 2 objects such as baseball and a bat, a hammer and a nail or even two cars collide, they can exert large forces on one another in a short period of time,t. Forces of this type, which exist only over a very short time during the impact are often called impulsive force

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Impulse momentum of the particles.

T T J of the force F equals to the change in the

T T J ! (p
T T ! during pinitial pfinal
after

before

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From Newtons 2nd law of motion

dp ! dt dp ! dt
pf t2

Integrating :

dp !

pi

t1

dt

where pi momentum of body at time ti pf momentum of body at time tf

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t2

pf  pi ! F dt
t1

T J ! area under the F - t graph from ti to tf

Impulse is equal to the area under the Ft graph. If the force is constant (does not vary with time) or taking the average force for time interval (t

T J !

(t
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Example
The graph shows the force acting on a tennis ball of mass 60 g during a return shot.

Force (N)

0.03 s

Time (s)

(a) What is the impulse on the ball? (b) If the ball reaches the player with velocity of 22 m s1 moving to the left, what is the velocity of the return shot 30 to the right?

Solution Taking motion to the right as + (a) Impulse = area under the graph F-t

(b)

T T J ! (p ! mv  mu 3 ! 0.06(v  (22)) v!
-1 ( to the right ) 28 m s
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T J !3Ns

1 ! v 0.03 v 200 2

Follow Up exercise
A karate student tries to break a board.

How can the abrupt stop of the hand generate so much force to break the board? Assume that the hand has a mass of 0.35 kg and that the speeds of the hand just before and just after hitting the board are 10 m s1 and 0 m s1 respectively. What is the average force exerted by the fist on the board if the contact time is only 0.30 ms? 32