Statistics in Medical Research

Statistical Inference
Comparing more than two sample means One Oneway analysis of variance The method is applied to compare means of more than 2 independent samples, (k2, where k is the number of groups or populations).

Common Statistical Test

Scale of Measurement
Type of Problem Continuous/Discrete Interval/Ratio Parametric test A. Related Sample 2 related samples Paired t-test Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Friedmans Analysis of Variance McNemar Test Ordinal Nominal

Non parametric tests

More than 2 related sample

Analysis of variance for repeated measures

Cochran Q Test

B. Independent Sample

2 independent sample

Independent t-test

Mann Whitney U-Test

Fisher Exact Probability Test, Chi-square Test Chi-square Test

More than 2 independent samples

One-way Analysis of Variance Kruskal Wallis Analysis of or Complete Randomized Design Variance (CRD) Regression, Correlation Spearman Rank correlation

C. Measures of Association

Kappa Test

Statistical Inference
Comparing more than two sample means One Oneway analysis of variance or Complete Randomized Design Assumptions: 1. The k sets of observed data constitute the k random samples from their respective populations. 2. x1, x2, x2, xn are normally distributed with  respective means, and variances, 2.  3. The populations have equal variances, 2 2 2 2  1 = 1 = 1 = = n

Statistical Inference
Example: A study was conducted to determine the best method of preserving the ascorbic acid content of a certain orange variety. Twenty one samples were randomly allocated to 3 methods. Compare the ascorbic acid obtained by the 3 methods
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Statistical Inference
The following were the ascorbic acid contents in mg/100 mg of fruit.  Methods  A B C  14.29 20.06 20.04  19.10 20.64 26.26  19.09 18.00 22.74  16.25 19.56 24.04  15.09 19.47 23.37  16.61 19.07 25.02  19.63 18.38 23.27  ------------------------------------ Totals / x 120.06 135.18 164.71 419.95 ( x/ grand  Total)  Means / x 17.15 19.31 23.53

Statistical Inference
 Hypothesis Testing:         
H0: x A = x B = xC Hi: x A x B xC

= 0.050 MStreatment Statistical test: F test = -------------MSerror Critical region: all values F( =0.050,df=k-1, n-k) or =0.050,df=k- nall values F( =0.050,df,3-1,21-3) =0.050,df,3-1,21= 3.55 all values F( =0.050,df,2,18) = 3.55

Significance level:

Statistical Inference

Area of acceptance = 195% 99% 99.9% /2 /2, 2 sided test 0.025 0.025, .005, .0005 I------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------I F 3.55 0 3.55

Statistical Inference
 Computations
Sources of variation Treatment(k) Error Total n-k n-1 ss error ss total sserror/n-k df k-1 Sum of squares sstx Mean square sstx /k-1 MStx/ MSerror F

Statistical Inference
         sstotal =   Computation: ( x)2 ( x)2 sstx = ---------- - ---------nk total n critical region: computed F F( ,(k-1,n-k)) ,(k-1,n-

(120.06)2 + (135.18)2 + (164.71)2 (419.95)2 = ----------------------------------------------- - ------------- = 8545.3455 8398 7 21 = 147.3455 ( x)2 x2 - --------n

(419.95)2 = 14.292+ 19.102 25.022+ 23.272 - ------------- = 8600.3127 8398 = 21 202.3127

 sserror = sstotal - sstx  = 202.3127 147.3455 = 54.9672

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Statistical Inference
Sources of variation Treatment Error Total Df Sum of squares 147.3455 54.9672 202.3127 Mean square F

3-1=2 21-3=18 21-1=20

73.67 3.05

24.15

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Statistical Inference

Area of acceptance = 195% 99% 99.9% /2 /2, 2 sided test 0.025 0.025, .005, .0005 I------------ -------- -------------------------------- ----------I F 24.15 3.55 0 3.55 24.15

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Statistical Inference
Conclusion: Computed F, 24.15 > 24. F( =0.050,df=2, 18) = 3.55 =0 050,df=2 18) Reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

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Statistical Inference
Analysis of Variance Analysis or Variance for Repeated Measures MStreatment The test statistics is the F test = --------------MSerror

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Common Statistical Test

Scale of Measurement

Type of Problem

Continuous/Discrete Interval/Ratio

Ordinal

Nominal

Parametric test
A. Related Sample 2 related samples Paired t-test

Non parametric tests

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Friedmans Analysis of Variance

McNemar Test

More than 2 related sample

Analysis of variance for repeated measures

Cochran Q Test

B. Independent Sample

2 independent sample

Independent t-test

Mann Whitney U-Test

Fisher Exact Probability Test, Chi-square Test Chi-square Test

More than 2 independent samples

One-way Analysis of Variance or Complete Randomized Design (CRD)

Kruskal Wallis Analysis of Variance

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Statistical Inference
F-test
Sources of variation Df Sum of squares Mean square F Blocks b-1 ssblock ssblock /b-1 mstx / mserror Treatment k-1 ss tx sstx /k-1

Error

(b-1)(k-1)

ss error

ss error /(b-1)(k-1)

Total

(b)(k)-1

ss total

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Statistical Inference
Example: Four overweight subjects participated in a study to compare changes in weight in 4 weeks observation periods with a weight regimen. Compare weights at the 4 observation periods.
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Statistical Inference
Subject 1 2 3 4 Totals Means SD Week Week 1 2 12 15 15 18 60 26 29 27 38 120 Week 3 24 23 25 33 105 26.25 4.57 Week Total 4 s 23 25 24 31 103 85 92 91 120 388

15.00 30.00 2.45 5.48

25.75 24.25 3.59

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Statistical Inference
Hypothesis Testing: _ _ _ _ H0: xA = xB = xC = xD _ _ _ _ Hi: xA xB xC xD = 0.050 MStreatment Statistical test: F test = -------------MSerror
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Significance level:

Statistical Inference
Critical region: all values F(
=0.050,df=(r-1)(b-1)) =0.050,df=(r-1)(b-

or (4-1)(4-1) (4-1)(4all values F( =0.050,df=9) = 3.86

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Statistical Inference
F-test
Sources of variation Df Sum of squares Mean square F

Blocks

4-1=3

183.5

183.5/3=61.17

166.5 / 2.89 =57.61

replications

4-1=3

499.5

499.5/3=166.5

Error

(3(3)=9

26.0

26/9=2.89

Total

16-1=15

709.0

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Statistical Inference
.Conclusion: Computed F, 57.61 > F( =0.050,df=9) = 3.86, p=0.000 Reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.

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