By Dr. drh. R. Susanti, M.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY

Immune System

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The Army Within

Immune system
Protects body from harmful substances To lose of the death cells/ tissue To identify and to lose of the abnormal cells

Antigens substances that the body regards as foreign

Bacteria Fungi Viruses Parasites Allergens Toxins

E.Coli Bacteria

Antigens (antibody generating substance):

Have unique, consistent surface patterns Patterns cause body to recognize antigens as enemies (musuh) Contain surface features called antigenic determinants (binding sites; epitop)

Type epitop of ANTIGEN

Unideterminant univalen Unideterminant multivalen Multideterminant univalen Multideterminant multivalen

Immune system
First line of defence: physical barrier Second line of defence : innate/non-specific immune system Third line of defence: learned/adaptive immune system

First line of defence

Skin & mucous membranes Enzymes Natural microbial flora Complement protein

Second line of defence : innate/non-specific immune system

Phagocytes Natural killer cells (NK cells) Granulocytes Macrophages

Third line of defence : learned/adaptive immune system

Antibodies Lymphocytes T- cells cellular immune defense B-cells humoral immune defense

Lymphatic System
Primary immune system component (Disease Defense System) Functions: To control flow of lymph fluid To produce lymph system components To filter lymph fluid and blood

Lymphatic System Structures

1. Lymph Fluid Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) Clear, colorless tissue fluid Helps feed cells with nutrients Moves hormones around body Removes & transports waste from cells

Lymphatic System Structures

2. Lymph Vessels (capillaries) Thin-walled tubes separate from blood vessels Contain valves to prevent backflow Move lymph fluid into lymph nodes for filtering

Lymphatic System Structures

3. Lymph Nodes Filter lymph fluid Remove bacteria and viruses Store white blood cells

Lymphatic System Structures

4. Tonsils Masses of lymph tissue Contain lymph nodes and lymph vessels Protect nose and upper throat

Lymphatic System Structures

5. Spleen Lymphatic tissue located in the cranial thoracic region Produces white blood cells Filters blood Stores red blood cells

Lymphatic System Structures

6. Thymus Lymph gland located medially in the cranioventral area of the thoracic cavity Most active in young animals Place where some white blood cells produced in bone marrow reproduce and mature

Lymphatic System Structures

7. Bone Marrow Located in the epiphysis of long bones Produces white blood cells

Lymphatic System Components

1. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Lymphocytes Attack specific antigens Formed in lymph structures & bone marrow Monocytes Very large Formed in bone marrow Mature in thymus

Lymphatic System Components

2. Macrophages Phagocyte (eats cells) Develop from monocytes Eats invading cells Eats disabled antigens

Lymphatic System Components

3. T-Cells A type of lymphocyte Produced in bone marrow Mature in thymus Coordinate immune system defenses Kill antigens directly on contact

Lymphatic System Components

4. B-Cells Also called plasma cells A type of lymphocyte Produced in bone marrow Do not kill antigens directly Produce and release antibodies

Lymphatic System Components

5. Antibodies Called Immunoglobulins (Ig) Produced by B-Cells Composed of proteins Attack and kill specific antigens Lock and Key method of attack

Structure of Immunoglobulin
Heavy Chains & Light Chains Disulfide chain  Intra-chain  Inter-chain

Disulfide chain

carbohydrate

CL VL CH1 VH
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

CH2

CH3

Structure of Immunoglobulin

Area of Variabel & constant

 VL & CL  VH & CH
Disulfide chain

Hinge Region
CL VL CH1 VH CH2
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

carbohydrate

CH3

Structure of Immunoglobulin
Important domain
 VL & CL  VH & CH1 - CH3 (sometimes have CH4)

Disulfide chain

Oligosacarides
CL VL CH1 VH CH2
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

carbohydrate

CH3

Fragment of Immunoglobulin: Structure Function Relation

Place bind with antigen (Ag Binding; Fab)

Bind with Receptor Fc

Class of Immunoglobulin
IgG - Gamma (K) heavy chains IgM - Mu (Q) heavy chains IgA - Alpha (E) heavy chains IgD - Delta (H) heavy chains IgE - Epsilon (I) heavy chains

IgG
Structure
 Monomer

IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4

IgG3

IgG
Characteristics
    

Main Ig of blood serum Main Ig in extravascular fluid Placenta Transfer Complement fixation Bind to Fc receptors
phagocyte opsonisation K cells - ADCC

IgM
Structure
 Pentamer  Have a extra domain (CH4)  J chain
J Chain

CH4

IgM
Characteristic
 Third main of blood serum Ig  First Ig making by fetus and B cells

Ig surface of B cells  Complement fixation

tail

IgA
 monomer  Ig Secretion (sIgA)
Dimer J chain Secretory component

Secretory component

J chain

IgA
Characteristic  Second main of blood serum Ig
 The main of secretory Ig
(local and mucous defense)

Tears (Airmata), saliva, secretion of gastric and pulmo

IgE
Structure
 Monomer  Extra Domain (CH4)

CH4

IgE
characteristic
 Lowest in blood serum Bind with basophil and mast cell  Responsibility for allergy  Responsibility for infestation of Parasite (worm) Bind with Fc receptor of eosinophil

Phagocytosis

Neutrophile to go out from blood vessel to site of infection: diaphedesis

Specific oligosaccha ride (of neutrophil) bind with lectin (of endothelial cells)

opsonization of Bacteria in plasma by opsonin particle, to phagocyte

Bind of opsonin with this receptor on surface of phagocyte

Beautiful Macrophage in action

Neutrophil phagocyte of streptococcus

BACTERICIDAL MECHANISM

1. Oxygen independent by enzymes of phagocyte 2. Oxygen dependent by oxydation depend to oxygen

Respiratory burst

H2 O2 + Clmyeloperoxidase OCL + H2O 2O2 + 2H+

1

OCl- + H2O O2 + Cl + H2O H2O2 + 1O2 H2O + O2

-

Superoxide dismutase 2 H2 O2 catalase

The Antigen/Antibody Response

Antibodies disease-fighting proteins produced by the body in response to a specific antigen Have binding sites that match antigenic determinants on antigens Binding sites are chemical, not physical

The Antigen/Antibody Response The Lock and Key

Antibody binding sites match antigen surfaces like a key fits into a lock Most antigen binding sites are keyed to a matching antibody in a healthy immune system.

The Antigen/Antibody Response Search and Destroy

Antigens have many binding sites on their surfaces. Antibody molecules locate antigens and bind to the surfaces, sometimes in chains. Antibodies disable (kill) antigens Antibodies block antigens from attaching to body cells Antibodies call macrophages to come and consume disabled antigens

The Antigen/Antibody Response

Shackled Prisoners = membelenggu narapidana

The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work?

Antigens invade body Patrolling macrophages locate, recognize antigens as enemies, and ingest them. Macrophages read antigens and encode T-cells with antigen binding site instructions. Macrophages dispatch T-cells with antigen codes.

The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work?

T-cells pass antigen binding instructions to B-cells (plasma cells) Plasma cells produce and release antibodies that match antigen binding sites

The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work?

Macrophages find disabled antigens and consume them. Some T-cells remember antigens for faster response the next time an attack occurs.

Search & Destroy

The Army Within

How can we help it fight its battles?
1. Good general health 2. Good nutrition 3. Vaccines (specific antigens) 4. Antitoxins (antibodies) 5. Immune system boosters Stimulate lymphocyte production Improve lymphocyte response time