CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Data Communication:- is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium. Communication system is made up of a combinations of hardware and software.

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The effectiveness of a data communication system depends 1. Delivery 2. Accuracy 3. Timeliness on three fundamental characteristic:-

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A data communication system is made up of five components:1. Message 2. Sender 3. Receiver 4. Medium 5. Protocol

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: .. .. Protocol Message

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: .. .. Protocol

Sender

Medium

Receiver

NETWORKS
A Network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by media links. Networks use distributed processing. Advantages of distributed processing:-

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Security/encapsulation Distributed databases Faster problem solving Security through redundancy Collaborative processing

NETWORK CRITERIA
To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a number of criteria. The most important of these are performance, reliability, and security.

PERFORMANCE
Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and response time. The performance of a network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the type of transmission medium, the capability of the connected hardware, & efficiency of the software.

RELIABILITY
Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link recover from a failure, and the networks robustness in a catastrophe.

SECURITY
Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses.

PROTOCOL
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication. A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.

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Syntax refers to the structure or format of the data. Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits. Timing refers to two characteristics:1. 2.

When data should be sent. How fast they can be sent.

CHAPTER TWO BASIC CONCEPTS

LINE CONFIGURATION
Line configuration refers to the way two or more communication devices attach to a link. A link is the physical communication path way that transfers data from one device to another. There are two possible line configurations:
 

Point-to-Point Multipoint

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A point-to-point line configuration provides a dedicated link between two devices.

Link

Workstation

Workstation

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A multipoint line configuration is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link.

Link

Workstation

Workstation

TOPOLOGY
The term topology refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or logically. There are five basic topologies:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Mesh Star Tree Bus Ring

MESH TOPOLOGY
In this topology every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical channel to link n devices. Every device on the ntk must have n-1 I/O ports.

STAR TOPOLOGY
In this topology each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to the central controller.

Hub

TREE TOPOLOGY
This topology is a variation of star.

Hub

Hub

Hub

BUS TOPOLOGY
Bus topology is multipoint. One long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices in the network.

Drop line

Drop line

Drop line

Drop line

Tap

Tap

Tap

Tap

RING TOPOLOGY
In this topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration only with the two devices on either side of it.

TRANSMISSION MODE
The term transmission mode is used to define the direction of signal flow between two linked devices. There are three types of transmission mode:1. 2. 3.

Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

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In simplex mode, the communication is

unidirectional. In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit & receive, but not at the same time. In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit & receive simultaneously.

CATEGORIES OF NETWORK
Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building, or campus.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

Is designed to extend over an entire city. A MAN may wholly owned and operated by a private company, or it may be service provided by a public company.

WIDE AREA NETWORK

Provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country , a continent, or even the whole world.

INTERNETWORK
When two or more networks are connected, they become an internetwork, or internet. Individual networks are joined into internetworks by the use of internetworking devices.

ENCODING
Digital-to-Digital encoding Analog-to-Digital encoding Digital-to-Analog encoding Analog-to-Analog encoding

DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL ENCODING
Is the representation of digital information by a digital signal. Falls into three categories:1. 2. 3.

Unipolar Polar Bypolar

UNIPOLAR ENCODING
Is very simple and primitive. Unipolar encoding uses only one level of values. Two problems of this encoding are:1. 2.

Contains DC component Synchronization

Amplitude

Time

POLAR ENCODING
Uses two voltage levels: one positive and one negative. The problem of DC component will be alleviated. There are three popular types:1. 2. 3.

Non-return to zero (NRZ) Return to Zero (RZ) Biphase

NON-RETURN TO ZERO (NRZ)

In NRZ encoding, the level of the signal is always either positive or negative. The two most popular methods of NRZ are:1. 2.

NRZ-L NRZ-I

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In NRZ-L the level of the signal is dependent upon the state of the bit. In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered.

Amplitude

0
NRZ-L

0
Time

NRZ-I

Time

RETURN TO ZERO (RZ)

Uses three values: positive, negative, and zero. A 1 bit is represented by positive-to-zero and 0 bit is represented by negative-to-zero.

Amplitude

Time

BIPHASE ENCODING
The signal changes at the middle of the bit

interval but it does not return to zero. There are two types of bipolar encoding:1. 2.

Manchester Differential Manchester

MANCHESTER
A negative-to-positive transition represents binary 1 and positive-to-negative represents binary 0.

DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER
A transition at the beginning of an interval means binary 0 and no transition means binary 1.

Amplitude

0
MANC

0
Time

DIF M

Time

Reading Assignment:-

- Bipolar Encoding