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Objectives
Distinguish between linear, angular, and general motion Define distance traveled and displacement, and distinguish between the two Define average speed and average velocity, and distinguish between the two Define instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity
Objectives
Define average acceleration Define instantaneous acceleration Name the units of measurement for distance traveled and displacement, speed and velocity, and acceleration Use the equations of projectile motion to determine the vertical or horizontal position of a projectile given the initial velocities and time
What is Motion?
Action or process of a change in position Two things are necessary for motion to occur: space to move in and time during which to move Movements can be classified as linear, angular, or both (general)
Linear Motion
Referred to as translation Occurs when all points on a body or object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time Rectilinear and Curvilinear translation Difference is that the paths followed by the points on an object in curvilinear translation are curved, so the direction of motion of the object is constantly changing, even though the orientation of the object does not change
Angular Motion
Referred to as rotary motion or rotation Occurs when all points on a body or object move in circles (or parts of circles) about the same fixed central line or axis Can occur about an axis within the body (ice skater in a spin) or outside the body (child on a swing)
General Motion
Combination of linear and angular motion Most common type of motion exhibited in sports and human movement
Running and BicyclingLinear motion as a result of the angular motion of the legs and arms
General motion of a body or object can be broken down into linear and angular components
Linear Kinematics
Concerned with the description of linear motion PositionLocation in space
Where is an object in space at the beginning or end of its movement or at some time during its movement Consider the importance of the position of players for the strategies employed in sports such as football, tennis, racquetball, squash, soccer, ect
Position
Can be described in one (x), two (x, y), or three (x, y, z) dimensions To describe the position of an object, a Cartesian coordinate system is used Need to identify a fixed reference point to serve as the origin of the coordinate system Number of axes corresponds to the number of dimensions Axes must be at right angles when describing the position of an object in two or three dimensions Each axis has a positive and negative direction
Average speed first 50m s = 50m/5.50s s = 9.09m/s Average speed 50m to 100m s = 100m-50m/9.79s 5.50 s = 50m/4.29s s = 11.66m/s
Average speed first 50m s = 50m/5.65s s = 8.85m/s Average speed 50m to 100m s = 100m-50m/9.92-5.65 s = 50m/4.27s s = 11.71m/s
Velocity
Average velocityDisplacement of an object divided by the time it took for that displacement v = d/ t v = average velocity d = displacement t = time taken or change in time
Velocity
If the motion of the object under analysis is in a straight line and rectilinear, with no change in direction, average speed and average velocity will be identical in magnitude However, if the direction of motion changes, speed and the magnitude of velocity are not synonymous (e.g. 100m swim in a 50m pool)
Acceleration
Rate of change in velocity An object accelerates if the magnitude or direction of its velocity changes (speeds up, slows down, or changes direction) Average accelerationChange in velocity divided by the time it took for that velocity change to take place Instantaneous accelerationRate of change in velocity at a specific instant in time SI unit for describing acceleration are meters per second per second or m/s2
Acceleration
a = v/ t a = vf vi/ t a = average acceleration v = change in velocity vf = instantaneous velocity at the end of an interval of final velocity vi = instantaneous velocity at the beginning of an interval, or initial velocity t = time taken or change in time
Acceleration
Direction of motion is not necessarily the same as the direction of the acceleration Before analyzing a problem, first establish which direction + will be assigned to
Acceleration
If final velocity is less than initial velocity, the change in velocity is a negative number and the resulting average acceleration is negative (slowing down in the positive direction) Negative acceleration will also result if the initial and final velocities are both negative and if the final velocity is a larger negative number than the initial velocity (object is speeding up in the negative direction)
Acceleration
Car example: Car can accelerate from 0 to 60 in 7s
a = v/ t a = vf vi/ t a = 60mi/hr 0mi/hr/7s a = 8.6mi/hr/s In 1s, this cars velocity increases (speeds up) by 8.6m/hr If the car is accelerating at 8.6mi/hr/s and moving at 30mi/hr, how fast will the car be traveling 1s, or 2s later?
Linear Kinematics
Vertical and horizontal motions of a projectile are independent of each other An equation can be derived to describe the path of a projectile in horizontal and vertical dimensions
yf = yi + vyi (x/vx) + g(x/vx)2
Equation of a parabolaDescribes the vertical (y) and horizontal (x) coordinates of a projectile during its flight based solely on the initial vertical position and vertical and horizontal velocities
Projectiles in Sport
Any ball used in sports becomes a projectile when it is thrown, released, hit, kicked, ect Once in flight the path of the ball cannot be changed (ignoring air resistance) Vertically constant acceleration downward Horizontally ball wont slow down or speed up Initial conditions determine projectile motion
Projectiles in Sport
In sports involving projectiles, one of three things concerned with:
Time of flightDependent on initial vertical velocity and initial vertical position
Football punt, tennis lob, gymnastics, diving Optimum angle of projection to achieve maximum height and time of flight is 90 (straight up) Sometimes desirable to minimize flight timeVolleyball spike, tennis overhead smash, baseball throw, soccer penalty kickProjection angle < 45
Projectiles in Sport
Peak height reachedDependent on initial vertical velocity and initial vertical position
Higher the projectile is at release and the faster it is moving upward at release, the higher it will go (basketball and volleyball players) High jumpingAngle of projection > 45
Projectiles in Sport
Horizontal displacementDependent on initial horizontal velocity, initial vertical velocity, and initial height
Shot put, hammer throw, discuss throw, javelin throw, and long jump Javelin and discuss can be affected by air resistance so equations may not be accurate Maximum horizontal displacement will occur if the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity are equal, or when the projection angle is 45 (assuming initial release height is zero) The higher the release height and the greater the lift effects of air resistance on the projectile, the farther below 45 the projection angle should be (shot put 35)
Summary
Motion can be classified as a combination of linear, angular, or a combination of both (general motion) Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are vector quantities described by size and direction Horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant and its vertical velocity changes at the rate of 9.81m/s2