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Thorsten Wohland Dep. Of Chemistry S8-03-06 Tel.: 6516 1248 E-mail: chmwt@nus.edu.sg
http://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/vision/color/colorblind1.html http://www.allpsych.uni-giessen.de/karl/colbook/sharpe.pdf
Problem
We remarked that we cannot find three actual colors that could mix all colors in the CIE diagram. Historically, the fact that we have three cones was derived from the fact that we can mix (almost) all colors by using only three primary colors, namely the colors discussed for additive and subtractive color mixing. The existence of exactly three cones was then confirmed by physiological research and the sensitivity curves for the three cones were measured.
STL, Chapter 9
STL, Chapter 9
www.adobe.com
www.adobe.com
www.adobe.com
additive mixing
The reason for this is that in additive mixing we work with three well defined colors. But in subtractive mixing we have to work with pigments and dyes which occur naturally. These compounds do not just reflect single defined wavelength but absorb differently over the whole visible spectrum.
subtractive mixing
Normal vision
Red-green deficient
From Scientific American, Special on Color (German Version) See the following website for some pictures that demonstrate vision of color deficient people: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness
25 % Brightness
10% Saturation
The Anomaloscope
From Scientific American, Special on Color (German Version) a) Normal vision b) No red c) No green d) Red anomalous e) Green anomalous
a) and b) are metamers for the normal painter c) and d) are not metamers since the yellow lens filters out different amounts of blue light in the object and paint color (note that the object color contains more blue than the paint color)
Claude Monet
Color defects
Roughly 10 % of males and 0.5 % of females have color defects. Rarer cases include one sided color defects (unilateral color deficiency) or Digit-color synesthesia in which digits can elicit a color perception (Nature 406, 365, July 27, 2000).
3 353 3
Stare at the plus sign and try to identify the number on the right.
There are several phenomena in nature which any theory how the retina works has to be able to explain: Lightness constancy Color Constancy Webers law
Lightness: Attribute of a visual sensation of an illuminated area that describes the intensity of the stimulus in relation to a white illuminated area. (light - dark)
Webers law
On the left the reflected light intensity increases by equal amounts.
On the right the ratio of adjacent intensities is constant. We call this a logarithmic scale:
a ! lnb
ea ! b
l a b ! b l a
Seeing the light, Fig. 7.4
2b 1 !2 b 2
l 2b ! b l 2
l
b 1
2 ! b 1 l
Webers law
On the left the reflected light intensity increases by equal amounts.
We call this a logarithmic scale: ln(1) = 0 = 0*ln(2) ln(2) = 0.693= 1*ln(2) ln(4) = 1.386= 2*ln(2) ln(8) = 2.079= 3*ln(2)
Lightness Constancy
Webers law states that we see brightness in logarithmic scale. However, we know as well that we perceive something white always as white, no matter how bright the illumination is. This phenomenon is called Lightness constancy. Lightness constancy thus means that we see objects always in relation to the surrounding. So when the illumination changes, the brightness (absolute intensity) changes, but not the lightness (the ratio of different brightnesses). Good illumination Darker illumination
http://www.purveslab.net/seeforyourself/
Color Constancy
Color constancy describes the same effect for the perception of color: Colors tend to stay the same, independent of the intensity of the illumination (remember that a change in color in the illumination will of course change as well the perceived colors). Why is this advantageous to a human beeing?
1. Lightness changes not uniformly everywhere. 2. At dim light, the rods are starting to work and add their signal to the cone signal.
Short Summary
Color deficiencies Webers law and laws of color and lightness constancy Color of the cone system Influence of the rod system on color