CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS

IONIC BONDING
When an atom of a nonmetal takes one or more electrons from an atom of a metal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons

IONIC BONDING IS THE COMPOUND AN IONIC COMPOUND?

METAL

NONMETAL

SUBSCRIPTS

IONIC BOND FORMATION

Neutral atoms come near each other. Electron(s) are transferred from the Metal atom to the Non-metal atom. They stick together because of electrostatic forces, like magnets.

IONIC BONDING ION any atom with more or less electrons that it is supposed to have*
*Remember that the number of electrons is supposed to be equal to the number of Protons if the atom has a neutral charge

IONIC BONDING
Metals will tend to lose electrons and become

POSITIVE CATIONS

Normal sodium atom

loses one electron

to become sodium ion

IONIC BONDING
Nonmetals will tend to gain electrons and become

NEGATIVE ANIONS

Normal chlorine atom

gains an electron

to become a chloride ion

IONIC BONDING
+1 is Na

called a sodium ion

The +1 symbol means it has lost one electron

IONIC BONDING

Mg+2 is called a magnesium ion The +2 symbol means it has lost two electron

IONIC BONDING

S-2 is called a sulfide ion The -2 symbol means it has gained two electron

IONIC BONDING

Cl-1 is called a chloride ion The -1 symbol means it has gained one electron

IONIC BONDING POLYATOMIC IONS--a group of atoms that act like one ion

NH4 ion -2--carbonate ion CO3 -3--phosphate ion PO4

+1--ammonium

IONIC BONDING
POLYATOMIC IONS ACT JUST LIKE ANY OTHER NEGATIVE ION WHEN BONDING

IONIC BONDING

SODIUM SULFATE

IONIC BONDING

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Crystalline structure. A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid. Ions are strongly bonded. Structure is rigid. High melting points- because of strong forces between ions.

Crystalline structure
The POSITIVE CATIONS stick to the NEGATIVE ANIONS, like a magnet.
+ + - + - + + - + - + - + - +

Do they Conduct?
Conducting electricity is allowing charges to move. In a solid, the ions are locked in place. Ionic solids are insulators. When melted, the ions can move around. Melted ionic compounds conduct. First get them to 800C. Dissolved in water they conduct.

Ionic solids are brittle

+ + -

+ +

+ + -

+ +

Ionic solids are brittle

Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.

- + - + + - + - + - +

COVALENT BONDING

When an atom of one nonmetal shares one or more electrons with an atom of another nonmetal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons

COVALENT BOND FORMATION

When one nonmetal shares one or more electrons with an atom of another nonmetal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons

COVALENT BONDING IS THE COMPOUND A COVALENT COMPOUND?

NONMETAL NONMETAL

YES since it is made of only nonmetal elements

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons


Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons


Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons


F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons


F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons


F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons  Both end with full orbitals


F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons  Both end with full orbitals


F F

8 Valence electrons

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons  A second atom also has seven  By sharing electrons  Both end with full orbitals


8 Valence electrons

F F

Single Covalent Bond

A sharing of two valence electrons. Only nonmetals and Hydrogen. Different from an ionic bond because they actually form molecules. Two specific atoms are joined. In an ionic solid you cant tell which atom the electrons moved from or to.

How to show how they formed

Its like a jigsaw puzzle. I have to tell you what the final formula is. You put the pieces together to end up with the right formula. For example- show how water is formed with covalent bonds.

Water

H O

Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron Each hydrogen wants 1 more The oxygen has 6 valence electrons The oxygen wants 2 more They share to make each other happy

Water
Put the pieces together The first hydrogen is happy The oxygen still wants one more

HO

Water
The second hydrogen attaches Every atom has full energy levels

HO H

Multiple Bonds
Sometimes atoms share more than one pair of valence electrons. A double bond is when atoms share two pair (4) of electrons. A triple bond is when atoms share three pair (6) of electrons.

Carbon dioxide

C O

CO2 - Carbon is central atom Carbon has 4 valence electrons Wants 4 more Oxygen has 6 valence electrons Wants 2 more

Carbon dioxide
Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1 short and the carbon 3 short

CO

Carbon dioxide


Attaching the second oxygen leaves both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short

OC O

Carbon dioxide


The only solution is to share more

O CO

Carbon dioxide


The only solution is to share more

O CO

Carbon dioxide


The only solution is to share more

O CO

Carbon dioxide


The only solution is to share more

O C O

Carbon dioxide


The only solution is to share more

O C O

Carbon dioxide


The only solution is to share more

O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond


O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond 8 valence electrons


O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond 8 valence electrons


O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more  Requires two double bonds  Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond 8 valence electrons


O C O

How to draw them

Add up all the valence electrons. Count up the total number of electrons to make all atoms happy. Subtract. Divide by 2 Tells you how many bonds - draw them. Fill in the rest of the valence electrons to fill atoms up.

Examples

N H

NH3 N - has 5 valence electrons wants 8 H - has 1 valence electrons wants 2 NH3 has 5+3(1) = 8 NH3 wants 8+3(2) = 14 (14-8)/2= 3 bonds 4 atoms with 3 bonds

Examples
Draw in the bonds All 8 electrons are accounted for Everything is full

H H NH

Examples
HCN C is central atom N - has 5 valence electrons wants 8 C - has 4 valence electrons wants 8 H - has 1 valence electrons wants 2 HCN has 5+4+1 = 10 HCN wants 8+8+2 = 18 (18-10)/2= 4 bonds 3 atoms with 4 bonds -will require multiple bonds - not to H

HCN
Put in single bonds Need 2 more bonds Must go between C and N

HC N

HCN
Put in single bonds  Need 2 more bonds  Must go between C and N  Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add


HC N

HCN
Put in single bonds  Need 2 more bonds  Must go between C and N  Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add  Must go on N to fill octet


HC N

Another way of indicating bonds

Often use a line to indicate a bond Called a structural formula Each line is 2 valence electrons

H O H =H O H

Structural Examples

H C N Ditto for C here H C O Ditto for O H

C has 8 electrons because each line is 2 electrons Ditto for N

Coordinate Covalent Bond

When one atom donates both electrons in a covalent bond. Carbon monoxide CO

CO

Coordinate Covalent Bond

When one atom donates both electrons in a covalent bond.  Carbon monoxide  CO


C O

Coordinate Covalent Bond

When one atom donates both electrons in a covalent bond.  Carbon monoxide  CO


C O

Polar Bonds
When the atoms in a bond are the same, the electrons are shared equally. This is a nonpolar covalent bond. When two different atoms are connected, the atoms may not be shared equally. This is a polar covalent bond. How do we measure how strong the atoms pull on electrons?

Electronegativity
A measure of how strongly the atoms attract electrons in a bond. The bigger the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond. 0.0 - 0.3 Covalent nonpolar 0.3 - 1.67 Covalent polar >1.67 Ionic

 Isnt a whole charge just a partial charge Hmeans a partially positive H means a partially negative

How to show a bond is polar

H

H

Cl

The Cl pulls harder on the electrons The electrons spend more time near the Cl

Polar Molecules
Molecules with ends

Polar Molecules
Molecules with a positive and a negative end Requires two things to be true The molecule must contain polar bonds This can be determined from differences in electronegativity. Symmetry can not cancel out the effects of the polar bonds. Must determine geometry first.

Is it polar?
HF H2O NH3 CCl4 CO2

Intermolecular Forces
What holds molecules to each other

Intermolecular Forces
They are what make solid and liquid molecular compounds possible. The weakest are called van der Waals forces there are two kinds Dispersion forces Dipole Interactions
depend on the number of electrons more electrons stronger forces Bigger molecules

Dipole interactions
Depend on the number of electrons More electrons stronger forces Bigger molecules more electrons

Fluorine is a gas Bromine is a liquid Iodine is a solid

Dipole interactions
Occur when polar molecules are attracted to each other. Slightly stronger than dispersion forces. Opposites attract but not completely hooked like in ionic solids.

Dipole interactions
Occur when polar molecules are attracted to each other. Slightly stronger than dispersion forces. Opposites attract but not completely hooked likein ionic solids.   

H H H F

H H H F

Dipole Interactions

 H

 H

 H

 H

Hydrogen bonding
Are the attractive force caused by hydrogen bonded to F, O, or N. F, O, and N are very electronegative so it is a very strong dipole. The hydrogen partially share with the lone pair in the molecule next to it. The strongest of the intermolecular forces.

Hydrogen Bonding

+ H

H O H H+

Hydrogen bonding

H O H

MOLECULAR SHAPES
OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

VSepR tHEORY

What Vsepr means

Since electrons do not like each other, because of their negative charges, they orient themselves as far apart as possible, from each other. This leads to molecules having specific shapes.

Things to remember
Atoms bond to form an Octet (8 outer electrons/full outer energy level) Bonded electrons take up less space then un-bonded/unshared pairs of electrons.

Linear
EXAMPLE:

BeF2
Number of Bonds = 2 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2 Bond Angle = 180

Trigonal Planar
EXAMPLE:

GaF3
Number of Bonds = 3 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 3 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0 Bond Angle = 120

Bent #1
EXAMPLE:

H2O
Number of Bonds = 2 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 2 Bond Angle = < 120

Bent #2
EXAMPLE:

O3
Number of Bonds = 2 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1 Bond Angle = >120

Tetrahedral
EXAMPLE:

CH4
Number of Bonds = 4 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0 Bond Angle = 109.5

Trigonal Pyramidal
EXAMPLE:

NH3
Number of Bonds = 3 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1 Bond Angle = <109.5

Trigonal bIPyramidal
EXAMPLE:

NbF5
Number of Bonds = 5 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 5 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0 Bond Angle = <120

OCTAHEDRAL
EXAMPLE:

SF6
Number of Bonds = 6 Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 6 Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1 Bond Angle = 90

Metallic Bonds
How atoms are held together in the solid. Metals hold onto there valence electrons very weakly. Think of them as positive ions floating in a sea of electrons.

Sea of Electrons
Electrons are free to move through the solid. Metals conduct electricity.

+ + + + + + + + + + +

Metals are Malleable

Hammered into shape (bend). Ductile - drawn into wires.

Malleable

+ + + + + + + + + + +

Malleable
Electrons allow atoms to slide by. + + + + + + + + + + + +