Relative

atomic mass (RAM) (i) >definition (i) Relative atomic mass (RAM) (ii) >definition (ii) Relative atomic mass (RAM) (iii) >formulae Relative molecular mass (RMM) (i) >definition Relative molecular mass (RMM) (i) >calculation (i) Relative molecular mass (RMM) (ii) >calculation (ii)

Hydr g is th lightest atom. Consider the RAM of hydrogen is 1. Atom of rbon-12 is 12 time heavier than 1 atom of hydrogen. Mass of 1 atom arbon-12 is 12.

Hydrogen is not se as the standard because:

It s gas. T r f r t s ff lt to s r ts ss. It s number f is t pes with ifferent masses. Thus, it is ifficult to sur x ctly. Not all elements combine with hydrogen.

Carbon-12 is used as standard comparison because:

A carbon-12 atom is twelve times heavier than an atom of hydrogen. Thus, the mass of one atom hydrogen is 1/12 of mass of one atom of carbon-12. The atomic mass of all other atoms are compared with 1/12 of mass of the atom of carbon-12.

Mass of one atom of the element elative mass of an atom = 1/12 of the mass of one atom of C-12

Mass of one atom of the element = Mass of one atom of carbon-12 x 12

A molecule is made up of two or more atoms. One mole atom has a mass equal to its relative atomic mass expressed in grams. One mole molecule has a mass equal to its relative molecular mass expressed in grams.

Step 1

Determine the molecular formula. Find the relative atomic mass of each elements in the molecules. Add up all the relative atomic mass of the element or elements.

Step 2

Step 3

Molecule Chlorine Nitrogen Ammonia Ethanol Carbon dioxide

Molecular formula Cl2 N2 NH3 C2H5OH CO2

Relative molecular mass 2 x 35.5 =72 2 x 14 = 28 14 + (3 x 1) =17 (2 x 12) + (6) + 16 =46 12 + (2 x 16) =44

mole and the num er of articles (i) >definition The mole and the num er of articles (ii) >formulae (i) The mole and the num er of articles (iii) >formulae (ii)
The

1 mol of any substances contain 6.02 x 10 atoms

1 mol of any substances contain 6.02 x 10 molecules

1 mol of any substances contain 6.02 x 10 ions

The unit of mole is use to measure the amount of substances. Symbol for mole is mol.

To determine the number of moles from mass of a substances (converting mass to mole)
mass Number of mole atoms = relative atomic mass

To determine the mass from the number of moles (changing mole to mass)
Mass = number of moles x relative atomic mass ( AM)

To determine the numbers of particles from the number of moles (converting number of moles to numbers of particles)
Number of particles = number of moles x 6.02 x 10 number of particles Number of moles = 6.02 x 10

To determine the number of moles from the number of atoms (converting number of atoms to number of moles)
number of atoms Number of moles of atoms = 6.02 x 10

To determine the molar mass from the num er of moles (convertin moles of a su stances to mass) (i) >definition To determine the molar mass from the num er of moles (convertin moles of a su stances to mass) (ii) >formulae (i) To determine the molar mass from the num er of moles (convertin moles of a su stances to mass) (iii) >formulae (ii)

The molar mass of an element is the RAM of the element expressed in grams er mole. The molar mass of a com ound is the RMM of the com ound expressed in grams er mole. Example:
RAM of sodium is 23. Therefore, the molar mass of sodium is 23 g mol. The RAM of oxygen is 16. Therefore, the molar mass of oxygen atom is 16 g mol . However, oxygen exists as O2 molecules. Therefore, the molar mass of oxygen molecules is 2 x 16 = 32 g mol .

To determine the molar mass of atom from number of moles

number of moles Molar mass = RAM

Moles of atom

x RAM RAM

Mass

Moles of molecules

x RMM RMM

Mass

Moles of atom

x NA NA

Number of atoms Number of molecules

Moles of atom
RAM RMM RFM NA

x NA NA
(METALS, HALF METALS) (COVALENT ELEMENT AND COMPOUND) (IONIC COMPOUND) (6.02 x 10)

: Relative Atomic Mass : Relative Molecular Mass : Relative Formula Mass : Avogadro Constant

Molar volume of

a as (ii)

>formulae Molar volume of a as (i) >definition To determine the volume of a as from the num er of moles To determine the volume of a as from its mass (i) To determine the volume of a as from its mass (ii) To determine the volume of a as from its mass (iii) To determine the mass of a as from its volume To determine the num er of articles of a as from the num er of moles To determine the num er of articles of a as from the volume

At room tem erature and ressure of 1 atmos here, 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 24 dm or 24 x 1000 cm. This volume of gas is called the molar volume.

Number of moles of a gas in container

Volume of the gas (cm) at room temperature and pressure of 1 atmosphere

= 24 000 Volume of gas (cm) = number of moles x 24 000 cm Number of moles of gas
x molar volume

Number of moles of gas

x molar mass/atomic mass molar mass/atomic mass

molar volume

Volume of gas (dm )

Mass of gas (g)

The molar volume of a gas is the volume mole of the gas. A fixed volume of any gas always contain the same number of molecules. This is called Avogadros Law. This law states that equal volume of all gases contain the same number of molecules under the same tem erature and ressure. One mole of any gas has the same volume (under the same temperature and pressure).

Volume of gas = number of moles x molar volume

mass of gas in grams The number of moles of gas = relative molecular mass M1

OR
Number of moles of gas
x Avogadros constant

Avogadros constant

Number of particles

The number of rticles of s number of moles x vogadros constant

The number of moles of gas number of gas articles Avogadros constant

mass of gas in grams Volume of gas relative molecular mass M1

Number of gas particles

Avogadros constant

Number of moles of gas

Volume of gas in cm

volume of gas Mass of gas = molar volume x RMM

Volume of gas

x molar volume

Volume of gas

x molecular mass

Volume of gas

The mass of 1 mole of gas is its relative molecular mass ex ressed in grams. 1 mole of gas contain Avogadros number of particles. =6.02 x 10

The number of particles of gas = number of moles x Avogadros constant

The molar volume at room tem erature and ressure of 1 atmos here is 24 dm. The molar volume at s.t. is 22.4 dm. 1 mole of gas contain 6.02 x 10 articles.
Number of molecule of gas = number of moles of gas x 6.02 x 10 Number of molecules of gas Number of moles of gas

Number of moles of gas = volume of gas molar volume

Volume of gas

molar volume

x Avogadros constant


    

Meanin of chemical formula (i) >definition Meanin of chemical formula (ii) >exam le m irical formula and molecular formula (i) >definition (i) m irical formula and molecular formula (ii) >exam le (i) m irical formula and molecular formula (iii) >definition (ii) & exam le (ii) Com are and contrast em irical formula and molecular formula

Chemists use sim le method to describe molecules. It is called the chemical formula. Symbols are used to write a chemical formula. The formula of a molecules tells us:

The name of the atomic resent. The number of mole atoms of each element

resent.

Molecule of water

Formula of water

H is the symbol represents hydrogen. O is the symbol which represent oxygen. The number 2 represents the number of hydrogen atoms resent.

Every com ound has a molecular formula. This formula shows the:
Symbols of the elements in it. The ty es of the element.

The em irical formula shows only the sim lest ratio of elements in it. It does not show the actual number of mole atom of each element in it. The molecular formula shows the actual number of mole atom of each type of element in it.

Butane has a molecular formula, C4H8. This formula shows that there are four atoms of carbon and eight mole atoms of hydrogen in one molecule of butane. The simplest ratio of the elements in it is 1:2. Therefore, the empirical formula is CH2. This formula shows only the simplest ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms in it. It can be C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, C5H10, etc. Thus, C4H8 is the molecular formula. It shows the actual number of atoms of all elements in one molecule of it. CH2 is the empirical formula of butane. It shows only the elements in the simplest ratio

The empirical formula may or may not be the same as the molecular formula.

- has O molecule

1 carbon atom

2 oxygen atoms

Molecular formula Similarities

Em irical formula

Both types of formula contain the same type of elements Differences Shows the exact mole of The number of atom of each constituent mole of atom in element the formula The mass is always fixed Formula mass Shows only the simplest ratio of the constituent elements Smaller mass unless it is the same as the molecular formula

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