CDMA AND BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

Done by JINATA KUMARI ROUT COMP.SC.&ENGG. PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CONTENTS:
CDMA
INTRODUCTION ABOUT CDMA ADVANTAGES

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION FEATURES SECURITY
BLUE JACKING BLUE BUGGING CAR WHISPERER

INTRODUCTION CDMA stands for code division multiple access. Both data and ABOUT CDMA The mobile industry in India is

CDMA

voice are separated from signals using codes then transmitted using a wide range of frequency. Because of this there are more space left for data transfer (this is the one of the reason why CDMA is the preferred technology for the 3G generation, which is broadband access and the use of big multimedia messages. 14% of the world wide market goes to CDMA for the 3G generation CDMA uses 1XEV-DO ad EV-DV. It has a lot of user in Asia.

divided between the two technologies GSM and CDMA. While the earlier service provider had adopted the GSM technology, The new players have been using CDMA technology and have notched up a significant share of the Indian market. The Code Division Multiple Access represent different systems of sharing of the radio spectrum for communication. Normally, the radio spectrum can be shared by different users accessing the same frequency band without causing interference.

CONTINUED
The technique used for this are TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

The FDMA part involves the division of frequency of the (max) 25MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200KHz apart. Each of these Carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period and It lasts 15/26 ms (or approximately .577ms).

CONTINUED
8 burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approximately 4.615ms), which forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame.

CDMA is a form of multiplexing (access to the same resource will be given to more than one user), which allows the use of a particular frequency for a number of signals, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. It is a cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum technique. In CDMA technology every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversions are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA employs analog to digital conversation (ADC) in combination with spreadspectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized (ADC) into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code) ,so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whole frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes; this enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult. The technology is used in ultra high frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800 MHz and 1.9GHz bands.

CDMA is first used during world war II by the English allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided to transmit over several frequencies ,instead of one making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal.

ADVANTAGES

1)CDMA has a very clear advantage of incase of bandwidth is the major problem in the modern times. The number of channels (users) that can be allocated in a given bandwidth is higher in CDMA. 2)The cost of setting up a CDMA network is also less. Due to these advantages there is a high probability that CDMA technology will dominate the future of mobile communication.

EVALUATION
The technology is normally evaluated on the following 3 parameters namely the data transmission capacity, security and radiation levels. Following table indicates the data transmission . Cellular technology Generation Data transmission capacity CDMA (IS-95B) CDMA 2000 2.5GB 3G 64kps-140kps 2MBps

AS already explained CDMA uses a radically different approach. It assigns a unique code to put multiple users on the same wideband channel at the same time. The codes so called pseudo-random code sequence is used by both the mobile station (handset) and the base station to distinguish between conversations. This gives a greater level of privacy and security to the communication. As far as radiation level concerned, CDMA is the most harmless one among all existing technologies. Of course it transmits microwaves while on standby mode like other technologies do. CDMA technology checks 800 times per second its transmission level. CDMA system transmits signals only when the user starts conversation. Simply saying, when you are listening the other ends conversation. You are not affected by microwave as the speaking person does. It appears that CDMA would be dominating technology in future and mobile forensics has to gear itself to the requirements of the CDMA technology.

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Bluetooth is a wireless technology that enables any electrical device to wirelessly communicate in the range of 2.5GHz ISM frequency band. Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs and portable computers can communicate and set data to each other without wires and cables to link to devices together. The name of Bluetooth derived from the name of an English king Harold Bluetooth. It is a low cost, low power, radio technology, which is particularly suited to the short range personal area network (PAN) application. Bluetooth speed interest groups authorized to develop its specification and license.

The main features of BT are given below. It and operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band without having a license for wireless communication. Up to 10-100 meters data can be transferred in real time. Close proximity and accuracy is not required for Bluetooth as in case of infrared data (IrDA) communication device. Bluetooth doesnt suffer from interference from obstacles such as walls while infrared suffers due to obstacles. Bluetooth supports both point to point and point to multipoint wireless connections without cables between mobile phones and personal computers. Data transfer rate of Bluetooth varies 4m versions to version. Data rate of 1mbps for version 1.2 up to 3 mbps for version 2.0.

FEATURES

FEATURES CONTINUED.
Then major parts of Bluetooth system are radiofrequency transceiver, baseband, and protocol stack. Bluetooth is used for small area networking without user intervention. Due to extremely low transmission power in Bluetooth technique battery power is saved. It is a networking standard that works at two levels. Physical level Protocol level Due to these levels mobiles have to agree on these levels when bits are sent. It decides the amount of data to be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message sent. Bluetooth networking transmits data through low power radio waves. It can connect up to 8 devices simultaneously with in the range of about 10 meters. You must think that the devices will not interfere with each other. Bluetooth solved the problem of device interference while sending the data by using the technique of spread-spectrum frequency. Hopping due to which devices may transfer data at same frequency at the same time. The question rises here how Bluetooth send the data using same frequency band without devices interferences?

FEATURES CONTINUED
In Bluetooth technique, transmitters change frequencies 1600 times I every second. In this way devices can make full use of a limited band of the radio spectrum.

When Bluetooth devices come into the range of each other, conversations take place automatically, this conversation automatically determines weather they have the data to share or not. In this way Bluetooth devices not only share the data but also control the data to be transferred. When the connection is established, the devices either they are part of a computer system or a network, Bluetooth systems create a personal area network.

FEATURES CONTINUED

The technology used in Bluetooth also provides security in 3 ways. Pseudo-random frequency hopping Authentication Encryption Frequency hops make it difficult for anyone to eavesdrop. Authentication allows a user to limit connectivity to specified devices. Encryption uses secrete keys to make data intelligence only to authorized parties, service level security and device level security work together to protect Bluetooth devices from unauthorized data transmission.

SECURITY
Many serious problems create only due to improper security issues. Some of them are given below. Blue Jacking Blue Bugging Car Whisperer

BLUE JACKING
It is used to send a business card in the form of text messages via Bluetooth to other users. It should be noted that the distance between two users is not more than 10 meters. If the user doesnt found the proper text, he should add the contact to his phonebook. After saving his contact in his address book retry to send the same message. In this way the user can get business card from other user via Bluetooth. Its all because of the known destination from where the message is being coming.

BLUE BUGGING
Due to this hackers can access users phone.

It not only access ones mobile phone, but also use its features including placing call, messaging, even though the user doesnt realize its happening.

CAR WHISPERER
It is a type of software due to which hackers can send and receive audio file from a Bluetooth enabled car stereo.