Presentacion Conceptos Celular Basico 3

CONCEPTOS CELULARES 3 CARACTERISTICAS BASICAS DEL SISTEMA
Frequency Plan Constraints

Transmitter Combining Restrictions
The number of antennas at a cell site is limited
cost and space considerations zoning, aesthetic considerations
RF Block Diagram of a Cell Site

Antennas 1
Transmitters
C o m b i n e r s
Its desirable to combine as many transmitters as possible into one antenna. Restrictions:
D u p l e x e r
power-handling capability of the antenna (typically 500 watts) 25-50 channels typical limit intermod considerations: transmitter isolation is required
Receivers
Solution: various types of combiners

input port for each transmitter low attenuation through to antenna port high attenuation back into other transmitter ports

Types of Transmitter Combiners
Tuned Cavity - manual
minimum frequency separation $21 ch. reqd for 17 dB isolation requires manual tuning; timeconsuming process insertion loss $1.5 dB for up to 16 inputs
IN nP 4
Tuned Cavity
OUT IN nP 4 0
Frequency vs. Attenuation
Tuned Cavity - Auto-Tune

minimum frequency separation $21 ch. reqd for 17 dB isolation fast automatic tuning insertion loss $ 1.5 dB for up to 16 inputs
dB
fc-21 OUT
fc frequency
fc+21
Hybrid
INPUT isolation by topology, not tuning 1 Cost of freedom: insertion loss $3.5 dB for 2 inputs $7 dB for 4 inputs $10.5 dB for 8 inputs INPUT 2 $ 14 dB for 16 inputs
OUTPUT -3dB
-3dB
Manual Combiners and Retunes
Hardware Restrictions
Manual combiners require time, test equipment, and effort to retune

cant just connect wattmeter at output and crank for max power out arcing damages contact surfaces inside cavity can leave PA mis-loaded, in overcoupled or undercoupled state
Proper retuning procedure is tedious:

take cell out of service, ensure transmitters not keyed For each radio in the cell: connect signal generator to cavity input, set to desired frequency connect receiver or spectrum analyzer to output, set to frequency manually adjust cavity tuning to obtain maximum output observe attenuation to be sure within spec go on to the next cavity put cell back in service, go on to the next site
Major system retunes require large teams and lots of equipment
SAT & DCC ASSIGNMENT

2 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 1
SAT Frequencies
SAT 0 SAT 1 SAT 2 5970 Hz. 6000 Hz. 6030 Hz.
SAT ( Supervisory Audio Tone ) frequencies are transmitted on the analog voice channels
to provide circuit supervision to validate identity of measured signals during the locate process preceding handoff
SATs are assigned so that

1) no cell has near co-channel neighbors with the same SAT 2) no adjacent cell has the same SAT The sketch at left shows a SAT assignment plan for N=7 omni systems
DCCs
00 01 10 11
DCC ( Digital Color Code ) assignment for control channels follows similar principles
Overview of Control Channel Signaling

A control channel is a frequency pair used for signaling purposes only. Forward Control Channel FOCC Downlink from Cell Site to Users (A Continuous Data Stream)
broadcast information about system identity, configuration needed by all users paging information to alert mobile about an incoming call
FOCC/ Downlink
Reverse Control Channel RECC Uplink from Users to Cell Site (intermittent bursts from users)
access requests call initiations, page responses registrations
RECC/ Uplink
Cell Clusters
R
2 1 4 3
D
3 4 2 1 5 7 6
R R D D
N=4
1
2 4 3
N=7
3 4 1 5 6 7 2
12 11 4 10 5 9 8 6 1 7 9 3 2 10 11
12 3 4 1 5 6 8 7 2
N=12
Basic Northern Telecom digital cellular system
DICP Cabinet
DMS MTX
ICP
DS-1 LAP-D
ICRM
TCM
DRU
DSPMs
Switch Site
Cell Site
Digital cellular architecture

Switch Site Cell Site
DS1 or E1
CE DS1 or E1 DMS-MTX ICP / DSPM *
RF
Antenna
* DSPM Required For Digital Operation CE RF Antenna
ICP/ICRM digital DRU configuration
DRU VCH DRU CCH TCM DRU LCR RMDP R M F S TCM DRUM RS-232 CSM
DS1 FROM ICP AT MTX SITE
I C R M
RMDP
ACU DRU VCH TCM DRU VCH
DRU cell site components
CE
RIP DRUM * ACU HSMO CSM RMC
RF
RIP Duplexer XCVRs/PAs
MPA / SCLPA
Combiners
TRU / TRU II
ICRM NT800DR
XCVRs/PAs NT800DR
RIP DRUM ACU HSMO CSM
- Rack Interface Panel - DualMode Radio Unit Monitor - Alarm and Control Unit - High Stability Master Oscillator - Cell Site Monitor
RMC - Receive Multicoupler ICRM - Integrated Cellular Remote Module MPA - Modulating Power Amplifier SCLPA - Single Channel Linear Power Amplifier TRU - Transmit Receive Unit
* Drum for TDMA Use only
Figure 10-1 DRU transmit / receive interfaces
DMS-MTX DICP TRU/ TRU II ICRM
DRU
MPA/ SCLPA Combiner Duplexer
Receive Multicoupler (RMC)
HSMO
L10: 3 of 11
Front Panel Layout, TRU and TRU II

TRU TRU II
8-character display Scroll Button RS-232 ports for the terminal interface connector
Handle
TRU characteristics
provides dual-receive paths and diversity switching controls the Power Amplifier controls the Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M) functions for the DRU produces separately, as outputs to the power amplifier, the signal paths: I & Q baseband signals low power RF carrier drives a Modulating Power Amplifier (MPA), NTAX 96BA
TRU II characteristics
may, under software direction: produce I & Q baseband signals, and low power RF carrier, to drive an MPA (same function, and same MPA, as a TRU) modulate the selected RF carrier with the I & Q signals, and output the modulated RF as a one Watt RF carrier to drive a Single Channel Linear Power Amplifier (SCLPA), NTHX51AA, or to function as the radios transmit power (not driving an external power amplifier)
Modulating Power Amplifier
SCLPA faceplate and fuse panel
Fan Faceplate
Fan Faceplate
Single Channel Linear Power Amplifier Front Panel

964087 123095
TRU/MPA transmit
TRU or TRU II NTAX97BA/NTAX98AA I Q
MPA NTAX96BA modulator
TCM ICRM
DSP
RF out amp
4.8 MHz TX synth RF Lo Carrier
HSMO
964061 022496
TRU II/SCLPA transmit
II
T X98AA m
SCLPA NTHX5 AA
IC M
I DSP Q
F
m
& c vert r
IF LO Sy t esi er F LO Sy t esi er HSMO

964062 022496
TRU II in a low power application

TRU II NTAX98AA modulator amp RF & upconvertor
ICRM
I DSP Q
out
Combiner
IF LO Synthesizer RF LO Synthesizer HSMO

964062A 022496
Section B: CALL PROCESSING
Lesson 3 Cellular Call Processing

Origination, Termination
Mobile Selects Strongest, monitors
System Architecture
PSTN Office
Cell
RSSI Frequency
Cell
Voice Channels
DMS-MTX
Cell
Control Channels
Handoff
Handoff
Locate
A
C DMS-MTX
Voice Channels
Section B Objectives
Understand basic programming of cellular phones Identify the steps in the call termination process Identify the steps in the call origination process Understand basic cellular signaling protocols Understand the need for basic cellular messaging
TYPICAL CALL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

The subscriber unit (mobile, transportable, or hand-held) contains standard-compliant algorithms and information within its nonvolatile memory. Basic information is programmed into the unit: some at the factory and some when the unit was placed in service by the carrier. Types of information included are: Mobile Identification Number (M.I.N.) Electronic Serial number (E.S.N.) Home System Identification (S.I.D.) The call processing sequence begins when subscriber unit is first turned on (power applied).
At the time of power on, the mobile must obtain answers to some basic questions.
Who am I? Where am I? What must I do?
Who am I?
Perform my power on self-test (POST).
that will tell me all about myself
my health and sanity Electronic Serial Number Mobile Identification Number home System Identification Number Station Class Mark Which band to scan first etc.
Where am I?
Scan the appropriate control channel frequencies. Determine which one is strongest.
That will tell me which site I am near.
Select Strongest
RSSI Frequencies
What must I do?

Listen to the strongest control channels overhead message train and attempt to decode it. That will give me a lot of information I need to know, such as
WHETHER I AM AT HOME OR A ROAMER WHICH CONTROL CHANNEL TO LISTEN TO FOR PAGES WHICH CONTROL CHANNEL TO USE FOR ACCESS WHETHER I SHOULD AUTOREGISTER
AUTONOMOUS REGISTRATION
(REQUIRED BY MOST SYSTEMS)
(Mobile knows whether or not to register by monitoring the control channel overhead message.)
MOBILE SYSTEM
Wait for busy/idle bit to indicate idle. Transmit registration request message. Check mobile data against data base. Enter unit into active unit list, record its location. Send acknowledgment message back to mobile.
Subscriber Database
214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141
DMS-MTX
Active Unit List
214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141
Cell
WAIT FOR CALL ACTIVITY

MOBILE
Continue to monitor control (or paging) channel. If five minutes elapse, or if word errors occur due to interference or weak signal, change or rescan control channels. If registration increment elapses, re-register.
INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

(MOBILE TERMINATION)

MTX
DMS-MTX Cell
Upon receipt of incoming call from PSTN, check data base of mobile units, note the last location of mobile. Send message to control channel radios in mobiles zone, telling them to transmit paging message to the mobile.
(Paging message includes the mobiles M.I.N. plus a few bits to tell the mobile there is an incoming call.) (NOTE: If MTX isnt using the zone paging capability, the page message is transmitted by all cell site control channel radios within the service area.)

MOBILE
Upon hearing paging message . . . Rescans control channels. Watches busy/idle bit; when idle, transmits page response message on RECC.
MTX
DMS-MTX Cell
Upon receipt of page response message . . . Determines location of mobile (which cell) Begins process of setting up voice channel link to mobile.

MTX
Identifies and selects idle (available) voice channel radio at cell site. Sends message to voice channel radio (VCH), telling it to wake up and begin transmitting a S.A.T. frequency.
DMS-MTX Cell
Sends message to control channel radio, telling it to transmit an IVCD message to the mobile. IVCD message tells mobile to change to voice channel frequency and to listen for S.A.T. frequency.

MOBILE
Upon receipt of IVCD message . . .
Retunes to designated voice channel, listens for S.A.T. If S.A.T. is OK, begin transmitting same S.A.T. back to VCH.
VCH
Voice Channels Control Channels
Upon receipt of correct S.A.T. . . Sends message to MTX, informing it that RF link has been set up.

MTX MOBILE
Sends message to VCH, telling it to send ALERT ORDER message to mobile. Sends message to PSTN to begin sending ringback to calling party. Upon receipt of ALERT ORDER . . . Starts ringing AND transmitting 10 kHz S.T. to VCH. When subscriber answers, stops ringing and stops S.T.
PSTN Office
DMS-MTX
Cell

VCH
When S.T. signal stops, sends message to MTX, telling it that subscriber has answered.
MTX
Upon notification that mobile subscriber has answered, completes cross-connection in switching network to establish voice path from PSTN to mobile.
(LINK IS NOW SET UP AND CALL IS IN PROGRESS.)

DMS-MTX Cell
PSTN Office
Analog Call Supervision and Signaling
SAT
confirms call continuity for system integrity: is this the right user? quality: is quality adequate?
Signaling on the Analog Voice Channel

blank-and-burst method, FSK similar to FOCC/RECC
Signaling Tone
ST is transmitted by the mobile over the reverse voice channel to acknowledge certain commands and orders received from the base station. A 50 ms burst of ST acknowledges a handoff order
OUTGOING CALL TO LAND LINE

(MOBILE ORIGINATION)
MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL
After origination and waiting, assume subscriber wishes to make a call to a land line subscriber. Subscriber initiates action by entering desired (called) number, then pressing the SEND button. Then,
MOBILE
Scans control channels Watches busy/idle bit; when idle, transmits origination request message.
MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL CCH MTX

Checks calling mobile identification against data base. Identifies and selects idle voice channel radio at cell. Sends message to VCH, telling it to wake up and begin transmitting S.A.T. frequency Sends message to CCH, telling it to transmit an IVCD message to mobile.
Voice Channels Control Channels
Upon receipt of origination request message . . . Sends message to MTX informing it of request.
Subscriber Database
214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 214-234-3913 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 81EF27117605 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141 2252 1141
DMS-MTX
Cell
MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL MOBILE
Upon receipt of IVCD message . . . Retunes to designated VCH, listens for S.A.T. If S.A.T. is OK, transmits same S.A.T. back to VCH.
VCH
Upon receipt of correct S.A.T. from mobile . . . Sends message to MTX, telling it that RF link has been established.
DMS-MTX
Cell
MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL
MTX
Translates the call; if successful, forwards the call to the PSTN. Sends appropriate signals (ringback, busy tone, etc.) to mobile via VCH. When called party answers, completes cross-connection in switching network to establish voice path from PSTN to mobile.
(LINK IS NOW SET UP AND CALL IS IN PROGRESS.)
PSTN Office
DMS-MTX
Cell
SIGNALING AND MESSAGING

DURING THE CELLULAR CONVERSATION
S.A.T. transmitted in both directions throughout TYPES OF MESSAGES

Power Up/Down Commands Feature messages (e.g., call waiting) Handoff command messages Order acknowledgment (mobile to cell) Feature activation (mobile to cell)
SIGNALING AND MESSAGING

DURING THE CELLULAR CONVERSATION BLANK AND BURST MESSAGES
Used to issue commands to the mobile (power up/power down; handoff) Audio and S.A.T. are temporarily muted (blanked) Burst of 10 kb/s data carries the message
SIGNALING TONE (10 kHz tone burst)

50 ms handoff order acknowledgment 400 ms feature activation (three-way calling, call waiting) 1.8 sec indicates subscriber hung up (on hook) Continuous ST indicates phone is ringing
Section D: A Closer Look at the Messaging Supporting Call Processing
Section D Objectives
Introduce various classes of messaging Understand how mobiles respond to messages Look at paging and origination capacity of the FOCC and RECC Introduce the IS-136 digital control channel (DCCH)
FOCC FOrward Control Channel Basic Data Structure
Downlink
One Frame = 421 bits = 42.1 ms @ 10 kb/s Sync 10 Bits Frame Sync 11
Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word
A 40
B 40
A 40
B 40
A 40
B 40
A 40
B 40
A 40
B 40
FOCC is a continuous wideband 10kb/s data stream

Begins with 10 sync bits for bit synchronization (dotting sequence) Followed by 11 bits for frame synchronization (Barker word) Followed by a 40 bit, word-A & word-B; each repeating 5 times alternately for redundancy Words carry Overhead Messages, Mobile Station Control Messages, and Control Filler messages to fill all of the frame
Busy-Idle bits (busy=0, idle = 1) are imbedded in data stream

indicates whether the RECC is occupied sent at beginning of bit-sync, word-sync, first repeat of word A and at intervals of 10 bits in all words thereafter
FOCC FOrward Control Channel Data Word Identification

T1T2: type of word: values 00, 10
1. MOBILE STATION CONTROL MESSAGE A. Abbreviated Address Word (40 Bits).
2 2 24 MIN-1 12 P
11: overhead message 00:send 1 word 10:send multiple words
DCC = Digital Color Code: 00,01,10,11

distinguishes co-control channels.
T1T2 DCC
SCC = SAT Color Code: 00, 01, 10

prepares mobile to expect 5970, 6000, 6030 Hz on destination voice channel
B. Extended Address Word (40 bits)

2 2 10 1 5 3 5 12 P T1T2 SCC MIN-2 RSVD Local OrdrQ Order =11 =0 1 0
C. Extended Address Word (40 bits)

2 T1T2
1 0
2 SCC =11
10 MIN-2
3 VMAC
11 CHAN.
12 P

MIN-1 = 7-digit Mobile Number MIN-2 = Mobile Area Code VMAC= Voice Mobile Attenuation Code Chan. = Assigned channel number P = Parity Bits Order, OrdQ(order Qualification) describes 11different functions:
Alert, Release, Reorder, Stop Alert, Audit, Registration, Intercept, Maintenance, Send Called Address, Directed-retry status
RECC Reverse Control Channel Basic Data Structure

One Frame = 1248 bits = 124.8 ms @ 10 kb/s Sync 48 bits Word A 48 x 5 Word B 48 x 5 Word C 48 x 5 Word D 48 x 5 Word E 48 x 5
RECC/ Uplink
Mobiles transmit control messages to the system on the RECC Each RECC burst is continuous wideband 10kb/s data
Begins with a Seizure Precursor of 48 bits for synchronization Followed by five words A, B, C, D, and E of 48 bits each, each repeated five times for redundancy The total number of bits = 1248 bits/frame Frame Length = 124.8 ms @10 kb/s
The base station uses 3-out-of-5 majority voting to validate the recovered data
RECC Reverse Control Channel Data Word Identification

RECC/ Uplink
A: Address Word, sent in all cases to identify the mobile B: Extended Address Word, sent when roaming or on request from the base station C: ESN Electronic Serial Number. Every mobile has a unique serial number provided by the manufacturer. It is used to validate each user. D: First word of the called address. E: Second word of the called address.
Signaling on the Voice Channel during Analog Calls

Forward Voice Channel During Handoff
Downlink
101 Bit Sync
11 Word Sync
40 Word
37 Bit Sync
11 Word Sync
40 Word (repeated 11 times)
Reverse Voice Channel During Handoff

100 11 Word Sync 40 Word 37 Bit Sync 11 Word Sync 40 Word (repeated 5 times) Bit Sync
Uplink
During analog calls, the voice channel is used to carry orders including handoff channel assignment data via Blank-and-Burst
FSK modulation at +/- 8 kHz deviation, similar to FOCC & RECC 40-bit data, BCH encoded, with ample sync bits as precursor Words are repeated 11 times on forward path and 5 times on reverse path to insure reliability under the weak-signal conditions which typically precede handoff
Duration of the handoff process is approximately 200 ms
FOCC FOrward Control Channel Paging Capacity
Time Required for Non-Paging Activities on FOCC

Channel assignment, control filler messages and overhead messages occupy from 19% to 38% of the time of the FOCC. The remaining time is available for paging ( 62% to 81% )
MINIMUM PAGING CAPACITY of FOCC

= 3600 / 0.0421 x 0.62 = 53,016 pages/hour = 14.7 pages/second
MAXIMUM PAGING CAPACITY of FOCC

= 3600 / 0.0421 x 0.81 = 69,263 pages/hour =19.24 pages/second
Reverse Control Channel Messages

RECC/ Uplink
ORDER MESSAGE: Any transmission on the RECC is termed an order message. Possible examples are: PAGE RESPONSE:
Mobile responds after receiving a page from the system.
CALL ORIGINATION :
Mobile requests access for call origination.
ORDER CONFIRMATION
Mobile acknowledges an order from the system
Reverse Control Channel Capacity

RECC/ Uplink
The capacity of the RECC is determined by

length of the standard RECC burst (124.8 ms) additional holding time of the Busy/Idle bit on the FOCC (30 ms) maximum busy time of the Busy/Idle bit on the FOCC (175 ms) the level of C/I interference (determines need for retries)
Under normal conditions, the RECC can handle approximately 6.5 responses per second Under heavy interference conditions, the RECC capacity may be reduced to as little as 3.3 responses per second
TDMA Control Channel Function in Combined TDMA/Analog Systems

Present Scheme: The Control Channels (FOCC and RECC) in TDMA and combined analog/TDMA systems are the same as presently employed in analog
same modulation format, word structures and protocol Mobile announces TDMA capability on RECC by setting PCI bit = 1 System announces TDMA availability on FOCC by setting PCI bit = 1
Additional dedicated TDMA-only control channels are provided for future implementation in expanded spectrum
planned method for delivery of additional features & services
The Digital Control Channel Detail
DCCH
Reverse Forward
RACH
SPACH PCH ARCH SMSCH
BCCH F-BCCH E-BCCH S-BCCH
SCF
Res.
Section C: Introduction to Handoff
Section C Objectives

Understand why handoff is required Discuss the handoff process in systems. Identify the messaging required for handoff Examine locate receiver performance Introduce special requirements of TDMA systems, including MAHO.
Basic Cellular Call Processing: System Philosophy

FDMA wireless systems require that a cellular user always be served by the strongest available cell, with few exceptions.
Advantages:
minimizes interference by preserving C/I ratio gives best system traffic capacity, assuming proper power level design Disadvantages/Special Requirements:
increases system processing activity, requires more resources each handoff involves annoying muting, and small risk of drop requires aggressive attention to insure handoff when needed, but no unnecessary handoffs
Basic Cellular Call Processing: Why Handoff?

For Call Continuation
frequency reuse dictates that cell radio are small calls must hand off between systems
RSSI
Drop
To Avoid Interference
maintain desired C/I ratio avoid giving, receiving interference in other cells
Sites A
B A C B
For Operational Reasons

Maintenance on VCH; in limited cases, for traffic balancing
-50
RSSI, dBm
-120
C/I Distance, km
TYPICAL HANDOFF SEQUENCE

Signal strength processing circuits in the voice channel radio constantly measure received signal strength from mobile. As mobile signal strength deteriorates, system uses power-up commands to increase mobiles strength. At some point, mobiles signal strength deteriorates to the extent that the mobile becomes a handoff candidate. At this point, the system begins the handoff sequence.
TYPICAL HANDOFF SCENARIO
DIRECTION OF MOBILES TRAVEL
B G A
X
D
ASSUME MOBILE IS HERE AT THE TIME CALL WAS FIRST SET UP
F
CELL A IS THE SERVING CELL
B G A
X
IN THIS AREA SYSTEM USES POWER CONTROL COMMANDS TO CONTROL RSSI FROM MOBILE
F E
CELL A IS THE SERVING CELL
B G A
X
MOBILE BECOMES A HANDOFF CANDIDATE AT THIS APPROXIMATE POINT
F E

When the mobile becomes a handoff candidate, the system knows it is moving away from the cell site, but does not know in which direction. To ascertain direction of travel (and, thus, to select target cell for handoff), MTX sends messages to LOCATE RECEIVERS in all adjacent cells (cells B,C,D,E,F, and G), instructing them to tune to mobiles frequency (channel) and to measure and report its signal strength. In our case, receivers in cells D,E,and F would report very low signal strength; receiver in cells C and G might report more strength, but receiver in cell B would report greatest strength. Now the MTX knows that cell B is the target cell for hand off.
FAIRLY HIGH SIGNAL STRENGTH REPORTED
TARGET CELL
A
X
LOW TO MEDIUM SIGNAL STRENGTH REPORTED
F E
VERY LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH REPORTED

Once target cell is identified, the MTX checks to see if there is an idle (available) voice channel in the target cell. If so, the MTX sends a message to that voice channel radio, telling it to wake up and start transmitting a specific S.A.T. frequency. The MTX then sends a BLANK AND BURST message via the voice channel in cell A, telling the mobile to retune to the new (cell B) voice channel frequency and to expect to hear the S.A.T. frequency being transmitted by cell Bs voice channel. The mobile responds with 50 ms of S.T., then tunes to cell Bs voice channel and listens for S.A.T. If the S.A.T. is OK, the mobile transmits the same S.A.T. back to the cell B voice channel.

When the cell B voice channel hears its own S.A.T. coming back from the mobile, it sends a message to the MTX, telling it that there is now an RF link in cell B to the mobile. When the MTX knows that the cell B RF link is OK, it changes cross connections in the switch network to connect the PSTN trunk to the new (cell B) voice radio.
(THE CALL NOW HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY HANDED OFF FROM CELL A TO CELL B.)
B G A D F E C
CELL B IS NOW THE SERVING CELL
Basic Cellular Call Processing:

Summarizing the Handoff Process
Conditions Trigger system to attempt handoff Trigger
signal strength too low interference or bit error rate high
Trigger
C B A
Screen
Select
Measure, Screen alternatives RSSI choose surrounding cells to monitor Time mobiles strength, report results if TDMA, use MAHO - the mobile can measure & report Analyze Measurements, Select Target Cell Is a better choice available? A -95 Is changing worthwhile? Handoff B -75 Implement the Handoff Voice Channels C -100
MTX sets up new voice path trunking handoff order sent via blank-and-burst mobile acknowledges and jumps to new voice channel Conversation continues
DMS-MTX
Locate
A
C DMS-MTX
B A
Handoff!
DMS-MTX
Handoff Process Grand Overview

Stages, Features, Key Concepts
Screen
(apply Hysteresis) Screening Criteria
Trigger
RSSI Per-Cell-Pair RSSI Analog C/I Digital BER Maintenance Directed
Trigger
Measure
LCR DLR MAHO
Select
(apply bias) Relative RSSI ParameterBased Bias
Execute
Messaging Queues Trunk Hunt Sequence Retry
Handoff
Locate
A
Hysteresis
A B
Voice Channels
B
RSSI Time
B
DMS-MTX
RELATIVE RSSI
C
MAHO
F A E
PCPTL
Inter-System
D
RSSI+BIAS RSSI+BIAS RSSI+BIAS
DMS-MTX
-92 -105 -108 -89
B1 D1
A1 C1 E1
E2 G2 A2
PARAMETER-BASED F2 H2
0 1 0 RSSI+BIAS 1 1 0 RSSI+BIAS 0 0 1 RSSI+BIAS
C/I
BER
DMS-MTX
Lesson 8 Frequency Planning

N=7 Omni Plan
Antennas
Transmitters
C o m b i n e r s
Receivers
D u p l e x e r
-50
Frequency Reuse B Site Site A

C/I = 18 db C/I = 18 db
N?
D
R R
-60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120
N=4 120 Sector Plan
Good Service
0 1 3
Interference
Good Service
RSSI, dbm
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Distance, km
The Resource: AMPS Spectrum

Frequencies and Channel Numbers
Paired Bands 824
825
835
845
849
Frequency, MHz
870
869
880
890
894
891.5
846.5
Uplink (Reverse Path)
Downlink (Forward Path)
A (non-Wireline)
1 333 334
B (Wireline)
666
9911023
A
716
B
799
Channel Numbers
An operators authorized frequency block contains 416 channels Uplink and downlink bands are paired mirror images
A channel includes one uplink and one downlink frequency
In a frequency plan, we assign specific channels to specific cells, following a reuse pattern which restarts with each Nth cell
AMPS Cellular Spectrum

Types of Channels and their Functions
A (non-Wireline)
1 333 334
B (Wireline)
666
9911023
A
716
B
799
Channel Numbers Channel Functions
33 ch.
312 channels
21 21 ch.
312 channels
50 ch. 83 ch.
Voice Channels Cell Transmit Frequency (MHz.)

FMHZ = ( 0.03 x C + 870 MHz. ) FMHZ = ( 0.03 x (C-1023) + 870 MHz. )
Voice Channels
Control Channels A, B, A, B A A, B, A, B A
Subscriber Transmit Frequency (MHz.)

FMHZ = ( 0.03 x C + 825 MHz. ) FMHZ = ( 0.03 x ( C-1023 ) + 825 MHz. ) C = channel number: 1, 2, 3, ....., 1023

What are the ground rules?
Ideally, we would like to use every cellular channel in every cell. Why cant we? Practical Cell Hardware Restrictions
combining multiple transmitters into an antenna - some inconveniences
Interference Restrictions
Adjacent-channel Interference cant use adjacent channels in the same cell Co-channel Interference cant use same channel for multiple conversations in same cell must provide some physical spacing between cells using same channel
1 Cell 395
voice channels
Whats wrong with this beautiful picture?

Adjacent-Channel Relationships
Interference will not allow first-adjacent channels to be used at same cell site
typical receiver IF bandwidth too broad worst case is at cell site: if adjacent channel is much stronger than desired signal adjacent users 10 kHz. signaling tone troublesome false terminations, etc. First-Adjacent Channels Not Feasible in Same Cell
Frequency
1st. Adjacent channels OK for use in adjacent cells

effective handoffs required, never allow adjacent signal to be stronger than desired
First-Adjacent Channels Feasible in Adjoining Cells if handoffs effective Second-Adjacent Channels Feasible in Same Cell
2nd., 3rd., etc. adjacent channels OK in same cell
TDMA Considerations
Frequency plans which work well for analog systems generally will provide good performance on TDMA systems. However, TDMA (and digital systems in general) have definite bit error rate thresholds which must not be exceeded. The figure at left shows the relationship of adjacent-channel interference (ACI) and co-channel interference (C/I) which should be observed for TDMA systems.
Note that negative ACI indicates the adjacent channel interferer is stronger than the desired signal
Digital System Acceptable Performance under Combined ACI and C/I

-16 -14 -12 -10
ACI -8 db
-4 -2 0 2 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Area of Acceptable Performance
C/I db
Frequency Plan Restrictions

Co-channel Interference
C/I is Carrier-to-Interference Ratio AMPS modulation characteristics require $ 18 dB co-channel C/I over single interferer, for good quality ($17dB over multiple interferers ) See TDMA C/I chart following Between a pair of sites using same channel, three C/I regions exist: Site A C/I better than 18 dB neither site gives usable C/I Site B C/I better than 18 dB
Frequency Reuse Scenario

-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120
Site A
Site B
C/I = 18 dB
C/I = 18 dB
Good Service
0 1 3 5 7
Interference
Good Service
Other sites are needed to serve the region where neither A nor B has good C/I
RSSI, dBm
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Distance, km
Rate of signal decay determines how close the next co-channel site can be, and how many additional sites on other channels are needed between By careful inspection of this scenario, it is possible to determine the required separation between co-channel sites to avoid interference
Frequency Reuse
Determining Required D/R Ratio
Setting up a co-channel cell as close as possible without interference
When laying out a new system or a coverage expansion, propagation prediction and/or measurement data are used to develop a model for the coverage of an average cell (Okumura, etc.) At some distance R from the cell A, the signal drops to the minimum acceptable level for coverage. R = coverage radius By the distance dINTERF, the signal has dropped an additional number of db equal to the required C/I (18 dB) If a new cell B on the same channel is distant from Cell A by the amount R + dINTERF, the desired C/I will exist for Cell A all the way out to the distance R. Distance D = R + dINTERF is the smallest usable separation for co-channel sites in this propagation environment.
R = Radius of Serving Cell D = smallest usable distance to co-channel Cell Frequency Reuse Scenario
-50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120
Site A
Site B
C/I
RSSI, dBm
Distance
R dINTERF dINTERF
D = R + dINTERF
Frequency Reuse
D/R determines required minimum N
X+60 f7 f2 f3 J=1 f1 f6 f4 X f2 I=2 f5 f4 f7 f1 R R
Remember how we used our propagation model to find the smallest workable separation, D/R, for frequency reuse?
Co-channel cells must be separated by at least D/R
f1
Now we can use the D/R we determined, and some geometry, to see how few cells (N) we can live with in the frequency assignment repetition pattern N=( R
2
Example Sketch demonstrates N=7
distance between two D = co-channel transmitters R = coverage radius where a cell is the best server
)2 / 3
2
N=I +IxJ+J
Frequency Reuse
Implications of N
N 1 Channels per Cell* 395 198 132 99 79 66 56 49 44 40 36 33 D/R 1.732 2.449 3.000 3.464 3.873 4.243 4.583 4.899 5.196 5.477 5.745 6.000
N is the number of cells in the frequency reuse pattern. N is critically important, since it determines:
Capacity of an individual Cell
Channels per cell = (total channels) / N
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
As N goes up, capacity progressively decreases Interference As N goes up, interference becomes progressively less troublesome
*Assuming use of 395 voice channels including expanded spectrum
Channel Assignment
If N=3, for example:
In channel assignment, we dole out the channels to the cells, much like a dealer in a card game deals out cards from the deck until every player has a set. A channel set is a collection of channels which could be assigned at one cell Channels in a channel set normally are N channels apart, where N is the reuse factor Channels in a set must meet combiner minimum frequency spacing requirements Notice that Sets 1 and 3 (i.e., 1 and N) are adjacent frequencies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Channels Channel Set 1 Channel Set 2 Channel Set 3
12
Freq.
1, 4, 7, 10, . . . 2, 5, 8, 11, . . . 3, 6, 9, 12, . . .
2 1 3 2 3
N=3
1
1 3 2 3 1
Cell Arrangement as a function of N
1 1
1 1 1
N=1: Lethal 1 1
awful C/I: every neighbor is cochannel every neighbor cell is adjacent channel too! center 1/3 of each cell OK, rest is lost in horrible interference
2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
N=2: Better, but still lethal

Each cell still has 2 cochannel neighbors Each cell has 4 adjacent channel neighbors
2 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 2
2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

N = 3 : Better, but still lethal
Cochannel neighbors are now spaced at D/R of 3.0 - better, but not 18 dB.... Each cell has 6 adjacent channel neighbors - all the neighbors are adjacent!!
1 3
1
N = 4 : Better, but still lethal 3 4

Cochannel neighbors are now spaced at D/R of 3.464 Each cell has 4 adjacent channel neighbors
3 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2
2 4 3 4 1 2 4

1 1 4 5 2 2 5 2 3 1 3 1 4 5
1 4 5 2
5 2 3 1 1
N = 5 : Better, but not good enough

Cochannel neighbors farther away Two at D/R of 3.0 Four at D/R of 4.58 Some cells have 2 adjacent channel neighbors, some have 3
1 5 2
4 6 3 1
1 5 2 4 6
6 3 1 5 2
N = 6 : Better, but not by much

2 4 6 3 1 1 5 2 4 6 3 1 Cochannel neighbors farther away Two at D/R of 3.464 Two at D/R of 4.58 Two at D/R of 6.0 Some cells have 2 adjacent channel neighbors, some have 3
1 6 4 3 1 7 5 2 6

4 3 1 7 5 2 6 4 3 1
5 2 6 4 8 1 1 7 3 5 2 6 4 1 7 3 5 8 1
1 7 5 2 1
N = 7 : The first arrangement that works in most propagation environments, giving 18+ dB C/I
Cochannel neighbors farther away Six at D/R of 4.58 Each cell always has 2 adjacent channel neighbors
N = 8 : Better, but not worthwhile

Cochannel neighbors farther away Four at D/R of 4.58 Two at D/R of 6.0 Two at D/R of 6.93 Of the eight cells in the cluster, 2 have 2 adjacent-channel neighbors and 4 have 1 adjacent channel neighbor.
1 7 4 8 1
5 2 6 4 8 1
1 7 3 5 2 6 4 8 1 7 3 5

1 6 5 1 8 4 2 3 5 1 8 7 9 7 6 4 2 3 5 1 9 4 2 3 5 1 8 7 6 9 8 7 1 6 4 3 1
N = 9 : significant improvement
Cochannel neighbors farther away Six at D/R of 5.20 Out of nine cells in the cluster, 4 have one adjacent channel neighbor and 3 have two such neighbors
N = 10 : not impressively better

Cochannel neighbors farther away Two at D/R of 4.58 Two at D/R of 6.0 Two at D/R of 6.06 Out of Ten cells in the cluster, Six have one adjacent channel neighbor Three have two adjacentchannel neighbors
1 4 1 5 8 2 9 3 1 10
8 9 7 6 5 2 3 1 4 10 6 5 8 9 7 1 4 10 2 3 1 9 7 6 1

5 1 2 9 5 6 7 8 1 2 4 3 9 10 7 11 8 5 4 3 1 10 11 2 9 8 5 6 1 4 3 2 9 7 11 8 3 4 1 10 11 1 1 1 8 9 8 5 12 5 3 2 3 10 11 10 11 7 6 7 1 4 1 4 9 8 9 5 12 5 12 2 3 2 10 11 10 6 7 7 1 1 11 10 10 1 6
N = 11 : slightly better
1 6 7 1
Cochannel neighbors farther away Two at D/R of 4.58 Two at D/R of 6.06 Four at D/R of 7.14 Out of eleven cells in the cluster, eight each have one adjacent channel neighbor
9 2 6 8 3 7 10 1
N = 12 : Excellent but inefficient

Cochannel neighbors farther away Six at D/R of 6.0 No adjacent-channel neighbors
Co-Channel Interferer Locations

Uplink/Reverse Path
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1
Co-channel interference can occur on either uplink, downlink, or both On uplink, interference occurs at the cell site receiver, from mobiles in surrounding cochannel cells Dynamic Power Control of the mobile can give C/I a helpful boost since mobiles in adjacent cells statistically will average lower, while desired user still is powered adequately
Co-Channel Interferer Locations

1
Downlink/Forward Path
4 1 2 3 7 6 1 5 4 7 2 3 5 1 On the downlink, interference occurs at the mobile users receiver due to signals from surrounding cochannel cells Dynamic Power Control of cell voice channels 1 can give C/I a very beneficial extra boost since statistically, the interferer is likely to be powered down, while the desired signal will be powered adequately
7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5
Adjacent-Channel Interferer Locations

Uplink/Reverse Path
Interference occurs at the cell site receiver

interfering user location is the primary variable in determining severity of interference
Cell B
Other Important factors:

dynamic power control for mobiles can reduce likelihood that interferer will be stronger than desired user statistically reduces contribution of interfering mobiles except in worst-case near the common edge of the two cells Handoffs: Keep them tight!! dont let interfering mobile drag into Cell A! will be at full power and closer than desired user, who may be dragging into Cell B!
Cell A
Uplink adjacent channel interference cases are less frequent than on downlink, but when they occur, they can be more severe
Adjacent-Channel Interferer Locations

Cell B
This interference occurs at the mobile receiver Handoff is the primary factor in controlling downlink adjacent-channel interference if there is a cell that is so much stronger than the serving cell, why isnt IT the serving cell? Cases of downlink adjacent-channel interference are more frequent but less severe than uplink cases
since both cells transmit continuously; they naturally will be equal in strength at the boundary if severe interference occurs, its a sign of call dragging: handoffs are too loose
Cell A
DPC - Dynamic Power Control

RSSI RSSI with DPC disabled RSSI with DPC enabled DPCTH DPCTL Distance from Cell Strictly speaking, DPC is not part of frequency planning. But DPC sometimes can turn a marginal frequency plan into a workable one!! Use it when you can.
Dynamic Power Control reduces transmitter power when the path is short. It has several benefits:
prevents intermod due to receiver overload by strong signals on short paths reduces interference, since on average, the interfering transmitters are likely to be powered down
Dynamic power control can be applied at the mobile transmitter, at the cell site transmitter, or at both There are seven power steps of 4 dB each in dynamic power control, 0 (max) to 7 (minimum)
Rationale for Sectorization

Sectorization is a tool for more tightly controlling frequency utilization in a cellular system In lesson 6, we saw that if the number of channels remains constant, sectorization actually reduces the capacity of a cell So, why would anyone want to sectorize? In hope of reducing N To substantially improve C/I, even if N is not changed Even at same N, to gain flexibility to control traffic distribution and reduce interference at troublesome boundaries where large cells and small cells meet
35.61 Erlangs
45 15 15 15
N=7 Omni
27.03 Erlangs
N=4 Sector?
Comparison of Typical Coverage Using Omni and Sector Antennas

The figure shows computed coverage in miles for
an omnidirectional collinear vertical antenna and a panel antenna typically used for sector applications Computation used Okumura-Hata formula from Lesson 3
Coverage Comparison Using Sector and Omni Antennas -113 dBm
-95 dBm
0 5 10 15 20 25
Miles
ERP = 100w Ant. Ht. 150 ft. DB-833 vs Omni Whip
-95 dBm is typical design limit for edge of a cell -113 dBm is interfering contour which would deliver 18 db C/I at a distant cell edge (-95 dBm) Notice how substantially both coverage and interference are suppressed off the back of the sector antenna
Idealized Cell Coverage Diagrams

Conventions for Sectorized Cells
Idealized, easy-to-draw shapes are used to sketch relationships between cells 6-sector 60-degree cell example at left 3-Sector 120-degree cells are commonly drawn under either of two conventions North American cellular engineers like to use a single hexagon to represent the cell, and to divide it into three sectors
this arrangement is easy to sketch and convenient to manipulate when considering sectorizing existing omni cells
60 6-Sector 120 3-Sector
North American custom
Actual Coverage
Outside North America, the custom is to draw three separate adjoining hexagons to represent the three sectors
this arrangement matches actual antenna coverage patterns much more closely better for judging interference relationships
Closer Approximation
Sectorization Improves Reuse Density

N=7 Omni Plan
In a system where N=7 omni works well, N=4 120-degree sectors may be feasible
possible 55% increase in capacity
Problems and additional considerations:

increased system complexity handoffs & handovers very critical to achieving acceptable performance possibility of specific local propagation conditions unsuitable for sectorization cost of sectorization
N=4 120 Sector Plan
N=7 / N=4 Comparison

Voice Channels Capacity, Erlangs
N=7 Omni 45/cell 35.6
N=4 120 Sector 26/sector 78/cell 18.4/sector 55.2/cell
-113 dBm -95 dBm C/I = 18 dB
Total voice channels 312 ( ignoring expanded spectrum )
Interferer Locations - Sectorized

The interference occurs at the mobile receiver Interference from the nearest cells is reduced because of those cells directional antenna patterns
Interferer Locations - Sectorized

Uplink/Reverse Path
The interference occurs at the cell site receiver Interference from users in the two side and two back cells is reduced by the directional pattern of the receiving cells antenna

Sectorized Cases
3 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 3 2
1 3 2 1
1 3 1 2 1
N = 1 x 3 (One cell x 3 sectors) : Not workable

Cochannel neighbors Six at D/R of 1.732 Every neighboring sector is an adjacent channel neighbor
N = 2 x 3 : Not desirable
4 3 4 2 1 6 5 6 4 3 1 2 1 6 5 4 3 1 2 6 5
2 4 6 1
3 5 2 4 6
1 3 1 5 3 2 5
Cochannel neighbors farther away Six at D/R of 6.0 Out of the Six total sectors in the cluster, two have two adjacent-channel neighbors two have one adjacent-channel neighbor
9 6 8 2 5 9 6 8 2 5
3 7 4 3 7 4
9 3 7 1 8 2 9 3 12 6 7 1 10 4 8 2 11 5 12 6 9 3 9 3 10 4 7 1 7 1 11 5 8 2 8 2 9 3 12 6 12 6 7 1 10 4 10 4 8 2 11 5 11 5 12 6 9 3 9 3 10 4 7 1 7 1 11 5 8 2 8 2 9 3 12 6 12 6 7 1 10 4 10 4 8 2 11 5 11 5 12 6 9 3 10 4 7 1 11 5 8 2 12 6 10 4 11 5
8 5 1 8 5 1 8 5
9 6 2 9 6 2 9 6 2
3 7 4 3 7 4 3 7 4

1 8 5 1 8 5 1 9 6 2 9 6 2 3 7 1 4 3 7 1 4
Sectorized Cases
N = 3 x 3 (Three cells x 3 sectors)
Cochannel neighbors Six at D/R of 5.20 Out of nine total sectors in the cluster, three each have one adjacent channel neighbor
N=4x3
Cochannel neighbors farther away Two at D/R of 5.20 Two at D/R of 6.0 Four at D/R of 7.14 No adjacent-channel neighbors!

Sectorized Cases
15 1 8 20 19 21 15 6 5 7 1 13 12 14 8 15 18 16 17 20 19 6 5 1 4 2 3 8 11 9 10 13 12 19 21 15 18 16 5 2 7 1 4 12 14 9 8 11 17 20 19 21 15 7 1 3 6 5 8 10 13 12 14 15 18 16 17 20 6 1 4 2 3 8 11 9 10 13 15 1 8 N = 7 x 3 (One cell x 3 sectors) :
Cochannel neighbors Six at D/R of 7.14 Out of 21 sectors in the cluster, only two each have a single adjacent channel neighbor
Review of Frequency Planning Rules

Cant use adjacent channels at the same cell
Adjacent channels OK in adjacent cells so long as prompt handoff available
1
D/R
1
Antennas
Transmitters
Two cells using the same channel (co-channel cells) must be separated geographically to preserve at least 18 dB C/I at their service boundaries
determine required geographic separation D/R from propagation analysis
1 C o m b i n e r s
(F
D u p l e x e r
Channels used by transmitters feeding the same antenna must be separated in frequency sufficiently to allow combiners to provide isolation
or, hybrid combiners or other nonfrequency-critical technique must be used
Receivers
Practical Frequency Planning

Process Overview
If a cell grid has been chosen, and number of required channels determined for each cell, then Frequency Planning is next. The Frequency Plan divides the available frequencies among all cells in the system to meet traffic needs, yet avoid interference. Steps in creating a frequency plan: Analyze propagation prediction or measurements to determine the appropriate D/R for each distinct environment in the system Use D/R to select overall Frequency Reuse Factor N Using selected N, assign specific channels for every cell
assign control and voice channels make SAT & DCC assignments
solve any special cases (use techniques such as channel borrowing, tiering, split sets, etc. as required) Evaluate the results using a propagation prediction tool and/or measurements
revise plan to optimize C/I where not acceptable
Using Propagation Tools to Evaluate Real-world Frequency Plans

Propagation Prediction Tool
Automatic Bin Statistics C/I Area % >+20 93.5% <+20 6.9% <+17 2.4% <+14 1.8% <+10 0.2%
Measurement Data Collection Tool

Sample Statistics C/I Area % >+20 93.5% <+20 6.9% <+17 2.4% <+14 1.8%
Analytical techniques help choose N and guide good designs, but prediction and measurement judge the C/I results & give the score Use prediction tools: to anticipate problem spots to fine-tune before you retune to get a figure of merit for baseline purposes Use measurement tools: to analyze & solve difficult or unforeseen problems to compare real service with competitor
Real-World Tricks & Desperation Measures
Channel Borrowing
1+8 4+11 7+14 2+9 1+8
6+13 7+14 3+10 C 5+12 6+13 1+8 1+8 B 5+12 4+11 +6 A 4+11 1+8 2+9 2+9 7+14 3+10 6+13 3+10 D 5+12 1+8 1+8
Long-term channel borrowing is termed channel stealing. Thou shalt steal carefully!
Channel borrowing is the process of borrowing channels which were planned for assignment in another cell where they are not needed so badly in the example at left, each cell has two pairs of channel sets channel set 6 is being borrowed from Cell B and used in Cell A Since these channels are being used away from their normally intended locations, at least one potential cochannel interferer will be stronger than normal. Watch C/I! now co-channel cells C and D are significantly closer than normal Careful attention to DPC and handoff parameters is required
Split Channel Sets

Sometimes only a portion of a channel set is borrowed For example, suppose that cell A needs additional channels, and cell B is the only cell loaded lightly enough to be able to loan channels However, cell B can only loan 8 channels Cell B keeps the top half of channel set 6, retaining eight channels The rest of channel set 6 is reused in cell A
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 5 3
1/2 A 6B 1+ 61/2 4 7
1 2 7 5 1 2
Tiering
4 7 6 5 4 2 3 6 5
Tiers are sometimes called underlay and overlay
2 3 1 6top 1/2 5 4 6bottom 1/2 7 3 2 7
Sometimes the traffic in a busy cell is concentrated in a zone near the center of the cell Channel borrowing can be used to gain additional capacity Interference due to the borrowing can be reduced by using the borrowed channels at lower power, and dedicating them to serve the portion of the traffic close-in to the cell A user moving outward will hand down from the inner tier to the outer tier of channels A user moving inward will hand up from the outward tier to the inner tier
Expanded Spectrum
Two possible strategies for exploiting expanded spectrum: Use expanded spectrum in most cells as part of extended channel sets usually 3 or 4 expanded spectrum channels per set same co-channel & adjacent-channel relationships exist among cells on expanded spectrum channels as on regular channels Use expanded spectrum independently as ad-hoc tool for busy cells expanded spectrum channels are essentially free to attack problems in busy, blocking cells; few co-channel, adjacent-channel uses, so great flexibility of application sometimes 12 or more expanded spectrum channels can be used in one cell or sector, requiring multiple transmit antennas, and special combining extensions avoid temptation to use expanded spectrum exclusively in a cell or sector; there are still a few old mobiles around which dont have expanded spectrum capability
Comparison Summary of Popular Frequency Plans

Frequency Plan N=7 Omni N=9 Omni N=7 120 Sector N=9 120 Sector N=4 120 Sector N=4 60 Sector N=3 60 Sector Voice Ch. per Cell Reg. Reg+Exp 45 35 45 35 78 78 104 56 44 56 44 99 99 132 Capacity Erl/Cell Adjacent Reg Reg+Exp Channels? 34.7 25.5 24.6 17.5 55.2 44.4 64.2 45.9 34.7 36.9 27.0 73.8 59.0 89.4 Yes. Watch Handoffs!! Few clean clean clean clean clean Complexity Simple Simple Moderate Moderate Moderate Very Difficult Very Difficult
Channel Sets and Channel Charts

Introduction
The following six charts show commonly-used channel sets for both A and B operators, for three popular frequency plans: N = 7 Omni N = 4 Sector (usable for 120-degree and 60-degree) N = 9 Omni
A- AND N=7 HANNEL ETS

A1 333 312 291 270 249 228 207 186 165 144 123 102 81 60 39 18
tr l C .
Voice els
Expanded Spectr A'
1020 999
Expanded Spectr A"
704 683
Set C annel Count Summary Control 1 1 Normal A 15 15 A" 2 2 A' 2 2 Total Voice 19 19
C Desi
el Set ti s
2 B1 332 311 290 269 248 227 206 185 164 143 122 101 80 59 38 17
3 C1 331 310 289 268 247 226 205 184 163 142 121 100 79 58 37 16
4 D1 330 309 288 267 246 225 204 183 162 141 120 99 78 57 36 15
5 E1 329 308 287 266 245 224 203 182 161 140 119 98 77 56 35 14
6 F1 328 307 286 265 244 223 202 181 160 139 118 97 76 55 34 13
7 G1 327 306 285 264 243 222 201 180 159 138 117 96 75 54 33 12
8 A2 326 305 284 263 242 221 200 179 158 137 116 95 74 53 32 11
9 B2 325 304 283 262 241 220 199 178 157 136 115 94 73 52 31 10
10 C2 324 303 282 261 240 219 198 177 156 135 114 93 72 51 30 9
11 D2 323 302 281 260 239 218 197 176 155 134 113 92 71 50 29 8
12 E2 322 301 280 259 238 217 196 175 154 133 112 91 70 49 28 7
13 F2 321 300 279 258 237 216 195 174 153 132 111 90 69 48 27 6
14 G2 320 299 278 257 236 215 194 173 152 131 110 89 68 47 26 5
15 A3 319 298 277 256 235 214 193 172 151 130 109 88 67 46 25 4
16 B3 318 297 276 255 234 213 192 171 150 129 108 87 66 45 24 3
17 C3 317 296 275 254 233 212 191 170 149 128 107 86 65 44 23 2
18 D3 316 295 274 253 232 211 190 169 148 127 106 85 64 43 22 1
19 E3 315 294 273 252 231 210 189 168 147 126 105 84 63 42 21
20 F3 314 293 272 251 230 209 188 167 146 125 104 83 62 41 20
21 G3 313 292 271 250 229 208 187 166 145 124 103 82 61 40 19
1019 998
1018 997
1017 996
1016 995
1015 994
1014 993
1013 992
1012 991
1011 1010
1009
1008
1007
1006
1005
1004
1003
1023 1002
1022 1001
1021 1000
703 682
702 681
701 680 416 1 15 2 2 19
700 679
699 678
698 677
697 676
696 675
716 695 674
715 694 673
714 693 672
713 692 671
712 691 670
711 690 669
710 689 668
709 688 667
708 687
707 686
706 685
705 684
1 15 2 2 19
1 15 2 2 19
1 15 2 2 19
1 15 2 2 19
1 15 2 2 19
1 15 2 2 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 3 19
1 15 1 2 18
1 14 2 2 18
1 14 2 2 18
1 14 2 2 18
B-BAND N=7 HANNEL SETS

C annel Set Desi nations Control C . Voice C annels
Expanded Spectrum
Set C annel Count Summary Control 1 1 1 Normal B 15 15 15 B' 4 4 4 Total Voice 19 19 19
1 H1 334 355 376 397 418 439 460 481 502 523 544 565 586 607 628 649
2 I1 335 356 377 398 419 440 461 482 503 524 545 566 587 608 629 650
3 J1 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630 651
4 K1 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652
5 L1 338 359 380 401 422 443 464 485 506 527 548 569 590 611 632 653
6 M1 339 360 381 402 423 444 465 486 507 528 549 570 591 612 633 654 717 738 759 780
7 N1 340 361 382 403 424 445 466 487 508 529 550 571 592 613 634 655 718 739 760 781
8 H2 341 362 383 404 425 446 467 488 509 530 551 572 593 614 635 656 719 740 761 782
9 I2 342 363 384 405 426 447 468 489 510 531 552 573 594 615 636 657 720 741 762 783
10 J2 343 364 385 406 427 448 469 490 511 532 553 574 595 616 637 658 721 742 763 784
11 K2 344 365 386 407 428 449 470 491 512 533 554 575 596 617 638 659 722 743 764 785
12 L2 345 366 387 408 429 450 471 492 513 534 555 576 597 618 639 660 723 744 765 786
13 M2 346 367 388 409 430 451 472 493 514 535 556 577 598 619 640 661 724 745 766 787
14 N2 347 368 389 410 431 452 473 494 515 536 557 578 599 620 641 662 725 746 767 788
15 H3 348 369 390 411 432 453 474 495 516 537 558 579 600 621 642 663 726 747 768 789
16 I3 349 370 391 412 433 454 475 496 517 538 559 580 601 622 643 664 727 748 769 790
17 J3 350 371 392 413 434 455 476 497 518 539 560 581 602 623 644 665 728 749 770 791
18 K3 351 372 393 414 435 456 477 498 519 540 561 582 603 624 645 666 729 750 771 792
19 L3 352 373 394 415 436 457 478 499 520 541 562 583 604 625 646
20 M3 353 374 395 416 437 458 479 500 521 542 563 584 605 626 647
21 N3 354 375 396 417 438 459 480 501 522 543 564 585 606 627 648
733 754 775 796
734 755 776 797
735 756 777 798
736 757 778 799 416 1 15 4 19
737 758 779
730 751 772 793
731 752 773 794
732 753 774 795
1 15 3 18
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 15 4 19
1 14 4 18
1 14 4 18
1 14 4 18
A-BAND N=9 CHANNEL SETS

Channel Set Designations Control Ch. Channels Voice Channels 1 1A 333 315 2 2A 332 314 3 3A 331 313 4 4A 330 5 5A 329 6 6A 328 7 7A 327 8 8A 326 9 9A 325 10 1B 324 11 2B 323 12 3B 322 13 4B 321 14 5B 320 15 6B 319 16 7B 318 17 8B 317 18 9B 316
297 279 261 243 225 207 189 171 153 135 117 99 81 63 45 27 9
296 278 260 242 224 206 188 170 152 134 116 98 80 62 44 26 8
295 277 259 241 223 205 187 169 151 133 115 97 79 61 43 25 7
312 294 276 258 240 222 204 186 168 150 132 114 96 78 60 42 24 6
311 293 275 257 239 221 203 185 167 149 131 113 95 77 59 41 23 5
310 292 274 256 238 220 202 184 166 148 130 112 94 76 58 40 22 4
309 291 273 255 237 219 201 183 165 147 129 111 93 75 57 39 21 3
308 290 272 254 236 218 200 182 164 146 128 110 92 74 56 38 20 2
307 289 271 253 235 217 199 181 163 145 127 109 91 73 55 37 19 1
306 288 270 252 234 216 198 180 162 144 126 108 90 72 54 36 18
305 287 269 251 233 215 197 179 161 143 125 107 89 71 53 35 17
304 286 268 250 232 214 196 178 160 142 124 106 88 70 52 34 16
303 285 267 249 231 213 195 177 159 141 123 105 87 69 51 33 15
302 284 266 248 230 212 194 176 158 140 122 104 86 68 50 32 14
301 283 265 247 229 211 193 175 157 139 121 103 85 67 49 31 13
300 282 264 246 228 210 192 174 156 138 120 102 84 66 48 30 12
299 281 263 245 227 209 191 173 155 137 119 101 83 65 47 29 11
298 280 262 244 226 208 190 172 154 136 118 100 82 64 46 28 10
Expanded Spectrum A' 1014 996 Expanded Spectrum A"
1013 995
1012 994
1011 993
1010 992
1009
1008
1007
1006
1023 1005
1022 1004
1021 1003
1020 1002
1019 1001
1018 1000
1017 999
1016 998
1015 997
703 685 667
702 684 666
701 683
700 682
699 681
716 698 680
715 697 679
714 696 678
713 695 677
712 694 676
711 693 675
710 692 674
709 691 673
708 690 672
707 689 671
706 688 670
705 687 669
704 686 668
Set Channel Count Summary Control 2 2 Normal A 17 17 A' 2 2 A" 3 3 Total Voice 22 22
2 17 2 2 21
416 1 18 2 2 22
1 18 2 2 22
1 18 1 3 22
1 18 1 3 22
1 18 1 3 22
1 18 1 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
1 17 2 3 22
B-BAND N=9 CHANNEL SETS

Channel Set 1 Designations 1A 2 2A 3 3A 4 4A 5 5A 6 6A 7 7A 8 8A 9 9A 10 1B 11 2B 12 3B 13 4B 14 5B 15 6B 16 7B 17 8B 18 9B
Control Ch. 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 Channels 352 353 354 Voice Channels 355 373 391 409 427 445 463 481 499 517 535 553 571 589 607 625 643 661 356 374 392 410 428 446 464 482 500 518 536 554 572 590 608 626 644 662 357 375 393 411 429 447 465 483 501 519 537 555 573 591 609 627 645 663 358 376 394 412 430 448 466 484 502 520 538 556 574 592 610 628 646 664 359 377 395 413 431 449 467 485 503 521 539 557 575 593 611 629 647 665 360 378 396 414 432 450 468 486 504 522 540 558 576 594 612 630 648 666 361 379 397 415 433 451 469 487 505 523 541 559 577 595 613 631 649 362 380 398 416 434 452 470 488 506 524 542 560 578 596 614 632 650 363 381 399 417 435 453 471 489 507 525 543 561 579 597 615 633 651 364 382 400 418 436 454 472 490 508 526 544 562 580 598 616 634 652 365 383 401 419 437 455 473 491 509 527 545 563 581 599 617 635 653 366 384 402 420 438 456 474 492 510 528 546 564 582 600 618 636 654 367 385 403 421 439 457 475 493 511 529 547 565 583 601 619 637 655 368 386 404 422 440 458 476 494 512 530 548 566 584 602 620 638 656 369 387 405 423 441 459 477 495 513 531 549 567 585 603 621 639 657 370 388 406 424 442 460 478 496 514 532 550 568 586 604 622 640 658 371 389 407 425 443 461 479 497 515 533 551 569 587 605 623 641 659 372 390 408 426 444 462 480 498 516 534 552 570 588 606 624 642 660
Expanded Spectrum B' 729 747 765 783
730 748 766 784
731 749 767 785
732 750 768 786 416 1 18 4 22
733 751 769 787
734 752 770 788
717 735 753 771 789
718 736 754 772 790
719 737 755 773 791
720 738 756 774 792
721 739 757 775 793
722 740 758 776 794
723 741 759 777 795
724 742 760 778 796
725 743 761 779 797
726 744 762 780 798
727 745 763 781 799
728 746 764 782
Set Channel Count Summary Control 2 2 2 Normal B 18 18 18 B' 4 4 4 Total Voice 22 22 22
1 18 4 22
1 18 4 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 5 22
1 17 4 21
A-BAND N=4 CHANNEL SETS

Channel Set Designations Control Voice Channels 1 A1 333 2 B1 332 3 C1 331 4 D1 330 5 A2 329 6 B2 328 7 C2 327 8 D2 326 9 A3 325 10 B3 324 11 C3 323 12 D3 322 13 A4 321 14 B4 320 15 C4 319 16 D4 318 17 A5 317 18 B5 316 19 C5 315 20 D5 314 21 A6 313 312 288 264 240 216 192 168 144 120 96 72 48 24 311 287 263 239 215 191 167 143 119 95 71 47 23 310 286 262 238 214 190 166 142 118 94 70 46 22 22 B6 23 C6 24 D6
309 285 261 237 213 189 165 141 117 93 69 45 21
308 284 260 236 212 188 164 140 116 92 68 44 20
307 283 259 235 211 187 163 139 115 91 67 43 19
306 282 258 234 210 186 162 138 114 90 66 42 18
305 281 257 233 209 185 161 137 113 89 65 41 17
304 280 256 232 208 184 160 136 112 88 64 40 16
303 279 255 231 207 183 159 135 111 87 63 39 15
302 278 254 230 206 182 158 134 110 86 62 38 14
301 277 253 229 205 181 157 133 109 85 61 37 13
300 276 252 228 204 180 156 132 108 84 60 36 12
299 275 251 227 203 179 155 131 107 83 59 35 11
298 274 250 226 202 178 154 130 106 82 58 34 10
297 273 249 225 201 177 153 129 105 81 57 33 9
296 272 248 224 200 176 152 128 104 80 56 32 8
295 271 247 223 199 175 151 127 103 79 55 31 7
294 270 246 222 198 174 150 126 102 78 54 30 6
293 269 245 221 197 173 149 125 101 77 53 29 5
292 268 244 220 196 172 148 124 100 76 52 28 4
291 267 243 219 195 171 147 123 99 75 51 27 3
290 266 242 218 194 170 146 122 98 74 50 26 2
289 265 241 217 193 169 145 121 97 73 49 25 1
Expanded Spectrum A" Expanded Spectrum A'
1020 996
1019 995
1018 994
1017 993
1016 992
1015 991
1014
1013
1012
1011
1010
1009
1008
1007
1006
1005
1004
1003
1002
1001
1000
1023 999
1022 998
1021 997
702 678
701 677
700 676
699 675 416 1 13 2 2 17
698 674
697 673
696 672
695 671
694 670
693 669
716 692 668
715 691 667
714 690
713 689
712 688
711 687
710 686
709 685
708 684
707 683
706 682
705 681
704 680
703 679
Set Channel Count Summary Control 1 1 1 Normal A 13 13 13 A" 2 2 2 A' 2 2 2 Total Voice 17 17 17
1 13 2 2 17
1 13 2 2 17
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 3 17
1 13 1 3 17
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
1 13 1 2 16
0 13 2 2 17
0 13 2 2 17
0 13 2 2 17
B-BAND N=4 CHANNEL SETS

Channel Set Designations 1 H1 1A 334 2 I1 2A 335 3 J1 3A 336 4 K1 4A 337 5 H2 5A 338 6 I2 6A 339 7 J2 7A 340 8 K2 8A 341 9 H3 9A 342 10 I3 10A 343 11 J3 11A 344 12 K3 12A 345 13 H4 1B 346 14 I4 2B 347 15 J4 3B 348 16 K4 4B 349 17 H5 5B 350 18 I5 6B 351 19 J5 7B 352 20 K5 8B 353 21 H6 9B 354 355 379 403 427 451 475 499 523 547 571 595 619 643 356 380 404 428 452 476 500 524 548 572 596 620 644 357 381 405 429 453 477 501 525 549 573 597 621 645 22 I6 10B 23 J6 11B 24 K6 12B
Control Ch. Voice Channels
358 382 406 430 454 478 502 526 550 574 598 622 646 717 741 765 789
359 383 407 431 455 479 503 527 551 575 599 623 647 718 742 766 790
360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 624 648 719 743 767 791
361 385 409 433 457 481 505 529 553 577 601 625 649 720 744 768 792
362 386 410 434 458 482 506 530 554 578 602 626 650 721 745 769 793 416 1 13 4 17
363 387 411 435 459 483 507 531 555 579 603 627 651 722 746 770 794
364 388 412 436 460 484 508 532 556 580 604 628 652 723 747 771 795
365 389 413 437 461 485 509 533 557 581 605 629 653 724 748 772 796
366 390 414 438 462 486 510 534 558 582 606 630 654 725 749 773 797
367 391 415 439 463 487 511 535 559 583 607 631 655 726 750 774 798
368 392 416 440 464 488 512 536 560 584 608 632 656 727 751 775 799
369 393 417 441 465 489 513 537 561 585 609 633 657 728 752 776
370 394 418 442 466 490 514 538 562 586 610 634 658 729 753 777
371 395 419 443 467 491 515 539 563 587 611 635 659 730 754 778
372 396 420 444 468 492 516 540 564 588 612 636 660 731 755 779
373 397 421 445 469 493 517 541 565 589 613 637 661 732 756 780
374 398 422 446 470 494 518 542 566 590 614 638 662 733 757 781
375 399 423 447 471 495 519 543 567 591 615 639 663 734 758 782
376 400 424 448 472 496 520 544 568 592 616 640 664 735 759 783
377 401 425 449 473 497 521 545 569 593 617 641 665 736 760 784
378 402 426 450 474 498 522 546 570 594 618 642 666 737 761 785
Expanded Spectrum B'
738 762 786
739 763 787
740 764 788
Set Channel Count Summary Control 1 1 1 Normal B 13 13 13 B' 4 4 4 Total Voice 17 17 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 4 17
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
1 13 3 16
0 13 3 16
0 13 3 16
0 13 3 16
Frequency Planning Exercise
This exercise builds on the results of the traffic engineering exercise in Lesson 6. The attached form shows required channels for each cell or sector at the end of a 12-month growth period.
Use B-side or A-side channels, whichever is the case in the system where you work. select the a reuse pattern N assign voice channel sets to the sites to achieve desired capacity assign control channels to the sites assign SATs and DCCs briefly note any special arrangements you used and any interference problems you anticipate you may choose to use expanded spectrum if you wish, in any manner You may change system configuration if desired - sector or omni, and add or remove cells ; but specifically record all details

Record your results directly on the grids below
Number of Channels Required

12 21 38 16 60 19 15 6 10 41 18 5 39 36 28 35 14 25 47 14 12 24
Channel Sets
SAT & DCC Assignments

Extra copy if needed:
Number of Channels Required

12 21 38 16 60 19 15 6 10 41 18 5 39 36 28 35 14 25 47 14 12 24
Channel Sets
SAT & DCC Assignments

Presentacion Conceptos Celular Basico 3

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CONCEPTOS CELULARES 3 CARACTERISTICAS BASICAS DEL SISTEMA

Frequency Plan Constraints

RF Block Diagram of a Cell Site

 Solution: various types of combiners

Frequency Plan Constraints

 Tuned Cavity - Auto-Tune

Manual Combiners and Retunes

 Manual combiners require time, test equipment, and effort to retune

 Proper retuning procedure is tedious:

 Major system retunes require large teams and lots of equipment

SAT & DCC ASSIGNMENT

 SATs are assigned so that

Overview of Control Channel Signaling

Basic Northern Telecom digital cellular system

Digital cellular architecture

CE DS1 or E1 DMS-MTX ICP / DSPM *

* DSPM Required For Digital Operation CE RF Antenna

ICP/ICRM digital DRU configuration

DS1 FROM ICP AT MTX SITE

ACU DRU VCH TCM DRU VCH

DRU cell site components

RIP DRUM ACU HSMO CSM

* Drum for TDMA Use only

Figure 10-1 DRU transmit / receive interfaces

DMS-MTX DICP TRU/ TRU II ICRM

MPA/ SCLPA Combiner Duplexer

Receive Multicoupler (RMC)

Front Panel Layout, TRU and TRU II

Modulating Power Amplifier

SCLPA faceplate and fuse panel

Single Channel Linear Power Amplifier Front Panel

TRU or TRU II NTAX97BA/NTAX98AA I Q

MPA NTAX96BA modulator

4.8 MHz TX synth RF Lo Carrier

TRU II/SCLPA transmit

IF LO Sy t esi er F LO Sy t esi er HSMO

TRU II in a low power application

IF LO Synthesizer RF LO Synthesizer HSMO

Section B: CALL PROCESSING

Lesson 3 Cellular Call Processing

TYPICAL CALL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

TYPICAL CALL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

Who am I? Where am I? What must I do?

What must I do?

WAIT FOR CALL ACTIVITY

TYPICAL CALL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

Upon receipt of IVCD message . . .

Voice Channels Control Channels

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

INCOMING CALL FROM LAND LINE

(LINK IS NOW SET UP AND CALL IS IN PROGRESS.)

Analog Call Supervision and Signaling

Signaling on the Analog Voice Channel

TYPICAL CALL PROCESSING SEQUENCE

OUTGOING CALL TO LAND LINE

MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL

MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL CCH MTX

MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL MOBILE

Solution: various types of combiners

Tuned Cavity - Auto-Tune

Manual combiners require time, test equipment, and effort to retune

Proper retuning procedure is tedious:

Major system retunes require large teams and lots of equipment

SATs are assigned so that

FOCC is a continuous wideband 10kb/s data stream

Busy-Idle bits (busy=0, idle = 1) are imbedded in data stream

DCC = Digital Color Code: 00,01,10,11

SCC = SAT Color Code: 00, 01, 10

Duration of the handoff process is approximately 200 ms

Time Required for Non-Paging Activities on FOCC

MINIMUM PAGING CAPACITY of FOCC

MAXIMUM PAGING CAPACITY of FOCC

The capacity of the RECC is determined by

For Operational Reasons

Voice Channels Cell Transmit Frequency (MHz.)

Subscriber Transmit Frequency (MHz.)