Chapter 7 : Electric

Chapters Outline
Electric Power & Energy Coulombs Law

Internal resistance

Electric The Electric field

Ohms Law Electric Flux & Gausss Law
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tric resistance &

Learnings Outcome
By

the ends of this chapter, students should be able to:

Understand and solve problems on the

concept of Coulombs Law and Electric field Relate the concept of electric flux with Gausss law and solve problems on them Apply and solve problems on Ohms Law, electric power and energy

Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

A

number of simple experiment demonstrate the existence of electric force and charges.
For e.g., rub a plastic

ruler and bring it close to some tiny pieces of paper ..or felt a shock when touched a metal doorknob after sliding

Cont. Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

In

each case, an object becomes electrified or become electrically charged as a result of rubbing. are 2 types of electric charged, as the following simple experiments show:

There

Cont. Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

1. A plastic ruler suspended by a thread is vigorously rubbed with a cloth to charge it. When a second plastic ruler, is brought close to the first, it is found that one ruler repel the other. 2. similarly, if a rubber glass is brought close to second charged glasses rod, again a repulsive force is seen to act. 3. However, if a charged glass rod is brought close to the charged plastic ruler, it is found that they attract each other.

Unlike charges attract, like

Cont. Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

The

2 types of electric charges were referred to as positive and negative by Benjamin Franklin. choice of which name went with type of charge was arbitrary. choice set the charge on the rubbed glass rod to be +ve ---> we still follow the convention today!
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The

Franklin

Cont. Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

Electric charge is always conserved in an isolated system Charge is not created nor destroyed in the process.

For example, when a plastic ruler is rubbed with a paper towel, the ruler acquires a negative charge, and the towel acquires an equal amount of positive charge. The charges are separated, but the sum of the two is zero the net amount of electric charge produced in any process is zero

Cont. Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

The The

SI unit of charge is Coulomb (C).

charge on 1 electron has been determined to have a magnitude of about 1.602 x 10-19 C and is ve. is the smallest charge found in nature, referred to as the elementary charge: 19
e = 1.602 10 C
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This

Cont. Introductions: Static electricity, electric charge & its conservation

Note

that e is defined as a +ve no, so the charge on the electron is e. On the other hand, the charge on a proton is +e. charge is thus said to be quantized (existing only in discrete amount : 1e, 2e, 3e) because e is so small, we normally do not notice the discreteness in microscopic charges.

Electric

However,

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Coulombs Law
We

have seen that an electric charge exert a force of attraction or repulsion on other electric charges. But what factor affect the magnitude of this force? 1780s, Charles Coulomb investigated

In

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Cont. Coulombs Law

From the experiment, Coulomb was able to generalize the electric force: is proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2 on the two particles ~ If the charge of either one is doubled, the
force is doubled; and if both charge is doubled, the force increases four times.

is inversely proportional to the square of the separation r between the particle

~ If their separation is doubled, the force fell to one-fourth of its original value.
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Cont. Coulombs Law

Or in mathematical form:

Q1 Q2 F= k 2 r

[m a gnitude]

Where k is the proportionality constant and has the value k= 8.9875 x 109 N.m2/C2

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Cont. Coulombs Law

The

proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of 0, the permittivity of free space. Thus,
1 Q1 Q2 F= 4 r 2 w h e re 1 = 4 k = 8 .8 1 2 x 21 0 5 C 2 / N .m

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Cont. Coulombs Law

The direction of the electric force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same.

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Cont. Coulombs Law

Notice

that, the force on 1 charge exert on the second is equal but opposite to that exerted by the second on the first.---> Newtons 3rd law. calculating Coulombs law, ignore the sign of the charge and determine the direction separately.
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When

Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Example 1: The hydrogen atom The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated by a distance of approximately 5.3 x 10-11 m. Find the magnitudes of the electric force between the two particles.
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Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Solution:
QQ2 F = k 12 r 9 (8.9875 x 10 N.m2/C2) (1.6 x 10 = (5.3 x 10 -11 2 m)
= 8.1840 x 10 N8

-19

C)

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Cont. Coulombs Law

If

several charges are present, the resultant force on any one of them equals the vector sum of the forces due to individual charges. example, if four charges are present, then + F resultant force the F1 = F12 + F13 14 exerted by particles 2, 3, and 4 on particle 1 is;

For

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Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Example 2 : Three charges in a line Three charged particle are arranged in a line, as shown in figure. Calculate the net electrostatic force on particle 3 (the -4.0 C on the right) due to the other two charges.

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Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Solution:

The net electrostatic force on particleF3 : 3, F3 = F31 + F32 Thus, determining 31 F Q3 Q1 F31 = k 2 r31
9 (8.9875 x 10 N.m2/C2)(4.0 C)(8.0 C) = 2 (0.30m+ 0.20m) = 1.15 N Direction: to the right (positive)
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and 32 F

first:

Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Similarly, Q3 Q2 F32 = k 2 r32 (8.9875 x 109 N.m2/C2)(4.0 C)(3.0 C) = (0.20m)2 = 2.7 N Direction: to the left (negative) Thus, F3 = F31 + F32 = 1.15 N 2.7 N = 1.5 N Direction: tothe left (negative)
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Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Example 3: Electric force using vector components

Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q3 shown in the figure due to the charges Q1 and Q2.

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Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Solution:
forces:

Use Coulomb's Law to find the individual QQ F31 =k 3 1 r 231 =140 N F32 =k Q3Q2 r 232

=330 N The forces F31and F32are not along the same the resultant forces, we resolve and perform the vector addition.
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line, so to find

F31 and

F 32 into x and y component

Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Resolve F31 : F31 x = F31 cos 30 = 120 N F31 y = F31 sin 30 = 70 N The force F32 has only a y component. Thus, Fx = F31x = 120 N Fy = F31y + F32 y = 260 N
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Cont. Coulombs Law Example

Hence, the magnitude of the net force is F= F2 x + F2 y
2 = (120 N) 2 + (260 N)

290 N =

and its act at an angle , where Fy 260 N tan = = = 2.2 Fx 120 N

= 65

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