Embedded System

Unit II Mixing C & Assembly

Prepared by

Prof. N.Shanmugasundaram HOD / ECE, VVCET.

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Programming Embedded system can be accomplished in three different ways, by using programming languages like

1. High level languages (like C, C++, Java)

2. Assembly language (using Mnemonics, Eg. ADD, MOV, etc.)

3. Machine level language (using OPCODES, Eg. 80H for ADD B)

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Advantages of different level programming

High level language (like C ) i) easy understandable program ii) portability into diff processor

Assembly level language

i) compact code (compared to C) ii) access to the special features of the processor hardware. i) Highly compact code ii) Fast execution

Machine level language

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Data Type Conversion

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Manipulating Bits in Memory

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Testing of Bits

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Setting, Clearing and Inverting of Bits

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Extracting of Bits

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Inserting of Bits

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Manipulating of Bits in I/O Ports

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Write-only I/O Ports

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Ports differentiated by Sequential Access

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Ports differentiated by Bits in written data

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Accessing Memory mapped I/O Devices
Most modern microprocessors are capable of addressing GBs of Memory, but embedded systems need only a few KBs of memory. By assigning few unused memory address to I/O devices, these devices can be accessed as if a memory is being accessed.

A typical example of memory mapped I/O device is Display buffer (each character position in screen is assigned with one / more unique address).
In IBM-PC, color display buffer is mapped with memory address B8000H. Each charater is assigned with 2 bytes, first byte for ASCII code of that character and second byte for the foreground and back ground color information. The address of the first byte of a specific row & column is calculated as B8000H + 2 (80 x Row + Column)

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Accessing data through a pointer
In C, We create a variable (ie., allocate memory for it) by declaring it; And then manipulate its content by referring to its identifier. Example: int a; a = 5;

Alternate method to access a memory location is by using a pointer (Pointer is a variable that holds an address of memory location) Example: int a, b; int *c ; a=5 ; c = &a; b = *c;

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Typical programming to access display buffer through pointer variable is ...

Declaration char *p ; Initialization p = (char *) (0xB8000 + 2 * (80 * row + col)) ;

/* p is a pointer to a char */

/* p is intialized */

Declaration & Initialization char *p = (char *) (0xB8000 + 2 * (80 * row + col)) ; /* declaration & initialization */

Assigning a value to pointer variable *p = A ;

/* char A is assigned to addr of p */

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To display a text on screen; we can use a Pointer.

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Structures

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Packed Structures

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Packed Structures

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Bit Fields

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