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Heat is energy it can do work. Temperature is a man-made, arbitrary scale indicating which direction heat is flowingis heat going into the system, temperature rising or is heat leaving the system, temperature declining. Heat is measured with an instrument called a calorimeter. Heat is NOT measured with a thermometer. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Heat is measured in Joules. Temperature is measured in degrees.
Anders Celsius
When Celsius investigated the subject of temperature he did something a little differently. He did not mark off the glass tube. He simply put it into frozen water and where the mercury landed he called that 0 degrees. When water was boiling and the mercury rose and leveled off he called that 100 degrees. This is the one use most around the world. Although in science we use a third thermometer when dealing with extreme temperatures.
Lord Kelvin
Kelvin was interested in a more philosophical approach to the behavior of matter at different temperatures. He wondered, for example, what would happen if there was a condition of NO HEAT. At absolute zero what would the conditions be? At zero Kelvin, at absolute zero, all motion would cease since temperature is an indirect measure of the motion of molecules. So if there was no heat there would be no motion and thus no temperature. But a condition of absolute zero cannot exist since there is no absolute NO motion. Everything moves relative to SOME frame of reference. So EVERYTHING has SOME temperature. Atoms vibrate. Electrons revolve around the nucleus of every atom. EVERYTHING MOVES RELATIVE TO SOMETHING.
CALORIES
In our society we count calories. We measure the number of calories in a candy bar. We have weight watchers which watches calorie intake. So what are calories?? It turns out that a long time ago people thought heat was a fluid, made of atoms, like air . They thought it had weight and mass and was a Thing. They called this substance caloric But, it turns out that heat is NOT a thing, not made of atoms, not a substance at all. But the name stuckheat was caloric. So when we talk about calories we are talking about energy today and the amount of energy we are taking in to our body. We must USE that energy we have taken in OR our bodies will convert it to the storage form of energyFAT. Fat is simply the bodys way of sayingdont want to use that energy now? OK. I will save it for you for later. Sooner or later that must be released into the universethat energy must be burn ed off by DOING WORKthat is by transferring the energy of your body to the world around you. And that will heat up the universe and thus speed us toward heat death or maximum entropy.
QUANTIFICATION
Heat and temperature can be measured and quantified through a series of equations. There are 3 thermometers, 3 temperature scales. We can convert from one thermometer to another via these equations. F = (1.8 x C) + 32 F - 32 / 1.8 = C K = C + 273
Quantifying heat as the temperature changes and the heat causes a phase change.
There are 3 common state of matter, solids liquids and gases. Whether the substance is in its solid, liquid or gaseous state depends on the TEMPERATURE. Consider water. As ice the molecules are moving very slowly, they have little energy and so electric attractive forces between molecules is strong enough to hold the molecules in placea solid. A solid has a definite shape, holds that shape at that temperature and it has a definite measurable volume at a a given temperature so that if we know the mass we may calculate the density of the sample.
Convection
2. The second way that Q travels from one place to another is via convection. Heat travels through fluids this way Let us define a fluid A fluid is anything that flows. Liquids flow. But so do gasesair masses flow in currents, air flows. When liquids and gases are heated, gain more energy then they become less dense. The molecules move faster and farther apart. Same mass in larger volume. As a result of less density hot liquids and gases rise. Removing energy from liquids and gases cools substances. The atoms and molecules have less energy, move slower, cannot escape gravity easily or for as long and so they tend to fall together and sink. Fall together means the molecules and atoms get closer to one another. That is the sample becomes more dense. The mass is the same but the volume is smaller. Because the molecules are more dense and because of that it sinks. Colder gases or liquids sink.
Radiation
Radiation is the way heat can travel through a vacuum, through empty space. Heat travels through nothing on something called an electromagnetic wave. This is how heat reaches us from the sun. We will study more about EMR as we study light later on down the line. Radiation, waves, shouldnt be confused with harmful radiation, that is waves of energy produced when the nucleus of an atom falls apart and radioactivity is released. This is just heat moving through space in something called an electromagnetic wave. Matter can react to EMR in two ways. The heat waves can be absorbed. The energy is taken in , the molecules start to move faster and the temperature goes up. OR. Matter can reflect the heat waves. That is the object does not absorb the energy but simply allows it to bounce back like throwing a ball against a wall.
Melt-Freeze Boil-Condense
It turns out that the temperature at which a solid melts to a liquid, whether ice or iron, Is characteristic of the material. Aluminum melts at 660 C Tin melts at 232C Water(ice) at 0C Iron melts at 1535 C It turns out that the temperature at which water freezes to a solid is also 0C Molten iron will freeze at 1535 C Liquid Tin will freeze at 232 C Etc. etc. etc. What do you notice about the temp. at which a substance melts or freezes It is the same!
We will
We will use worksheets etc to practice solving some heat and temperature problems and conversions. We will put a phase change diagram on the board or overhead for you to examine for concepts involved in tracing the heat transfer as something hearts up or cools off through changes of state. Lets solve a few now.
Some problems.
1. The specific heat of water is 4184 J/kg K - odd units - but good for this problem. How many Joules of energy will be needed to raise the temp. of 50 grams of water from 21 C to 37 C. 2. How much heat must be added to MELT 5 grams of ice at 0 C to liquid water. Answer in calories. Then convert that to Joules. 1 cal is 4.184 J.