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2. There must be a temperature difference between the two media for heat transfer to take place.
3. The heat lost by the hot medium is equal to the amount of heat gained by the cold medium, except for losses to the surroundings.
Q1 = Q2
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Radiation Convection
Conduction
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Indirect
Principle: Product and service medium are separated by a wall Example: Hot water and product in a plate heat exchanger
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Flow profile
Parabolic velocity profile:
Velocity profile
friction close to wall -> lower velocity centre of tube -> higher velocity
Low velocity and low Reynolds number -> low pressure drop Distinct parallel fluid layers -> no mixing between layers Only conduction -> poor heat transfer efficiency
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Flow principles
Two types of flow
Turbulent
Convection Flow profile
No orderly flow Random eddy motion mixes the fluid Always a laminar film closest to the wall Ex., water at higher velocity
Conduction
Velocity profile
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Calculation Example
What is the cold fluid outlet temperature?
T2 out= XXC ?
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Q = k * A * LMTD
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Q = k * A * LMTD
LMTD = Logarithmic mean temperature difference
Depend on counter-current or co-current flow
Counter-Current Flow T1 in
(1 T2 out
Co-Current Flow T1 in
(1
T1 out (2 T2 in Area
T2 in Area
T1 out (2 T2 out
LMTD!
(1 (2 (1 ln (2
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Q = k * A * LMTD - calculation
What is the LMTD for the two cases below?
Counter-Current Flow 90C
(1 40 C
Co-Current Flow 90 C
(1
45C (2 20 C Area
20 C Area
45C (2 40 C
(1 (2 LMTD! (1 ln (2
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Q = k * A * LMTD
The k-value consists of 3 different heat transfer resistances
Wall T1, Bulk temperature on hot side Called E1-value Film heat transfer coefficient on hot side T3 Hot side Flow direction T4 Flow direction Cold side Wall conductivity, P Wall thickness, H Resistance from the wall Film heat transfer coefficient on cold side Called E2-value
T2, Bulk temperature on cold side Heat transfer (Q) driven by temperature difference
1 1 1 H ! E1 E2 k P
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Thermal length
Describes how difficult a duty is thermally
Two names for the same thing:
Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Theta, 5 (mainly used in Alfa Laval)
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T1 in
(1 T2 out
(1 (2 LMTD! (1 ln (2
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L: Low theta
H: High theta
L + L = L channels
L + H = M channels
H + H = H channels
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L + L = L channels
Advantages
L + H = M channels
Benefits
H + H = H channels
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Efficient heat transfer High wall shear stress Variable thermal length Strong construction
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