Industrial Solutions and Services

TECHNICAL PRESENTATION ON LIGHTNING / SURGE ARRESTERS

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PRESENTATION CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO SURGE ARRESTER. TYPES OF SURGE ARRESTERS IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF S.A.

63.7 TYPE & ROUTINE TEST NORMAL & ABNORMAL CONDITION. 30.9

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1. INTRODUCTION

Lightning arrester is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from transient high voltage to limit the duration & amplitude of following current. Lightning arresters is basically surge absorber / surge arresters which will protect the power system from dangerously occurring over voltages & surges.
63.7 Power system is subjected to various occurrences of dangerously high voltages arising form
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Lightning surges. Switching surges. 30.9 Traveling waves.

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MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO PROTECT THE SYSTEM.

To protect the transmission line & equipments from the hazards of lightning strokes the following measures are taken. Use of overhead shielding wires (earth wires) for overhead Transmission lines, substations & all outdoor installation. Use of Lightning Mast. Use of Spark/Rod Gap.
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Use of surge arresters / Lightning Arresters.

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DEVELOPMENT OF SURGE ARRESTERS

Development of Surge Arresters has taken place during the period 1940 to 1980s in the following stages 1940s Surge Arresters with rod gap. 1950s Surge Arresters with SiC discs. 1960s Surge Arresters with SiC discs & active gap. 1970s Surge Arresters with magnetically blown gaps for EHV-AC systems. 1975s Surge Arresters without gap & with metal oxide discs for EHV-AC.
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1979s Gapless Metal Oxide Arresters for HVDC. 1980s Gapless SiC Arresters with SF6 insulation. 1980s Gapless ZnO Arresters for various application.

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TYPE OF S.A. DEPENDING UPON CONSTRUCTION

At present following type of surge arresters are used: 1. 2. Gapped Silicon-carbide Surge Arresters called Valve type or conventional Gapped Arresters. These consist of SiC discs in series with Gap unit. Zinc Oxide Gapless Arresters called ZnO Arresters or Metal Oxide Arresters. These are gapless & consist of zinc-oxide disc in series. ZnO arresters have superior V/I characteristics & high energy absorption level. They are preferred for EHV & HVDC installations.

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INSTALLATION OF SURGE ARRESTER

Surge arresters are installed at following locations: As first apparatus for each incoming line in the sub-station between each phase & earth. Near terminals on H.V. side of each transformer, between phase and earth. Near terminals on L.V. side of each transformer, between phase and earth.
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Between transformer neutral & earth ( Optional). Between tertiary terminal & earth of each phase of tertiary winding of a transformer. LA\Location.MDI

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CLASSIFICATION OF S.A. DEPENDING UPON ENERGY HANDLING CAPACITY.

Classification of Surge Arresters:The classification is based on voltage, current & energy handling capability.

Station Type Std. Nominal 10,000 Discharge Current (A) peak Voltage Rating KV 3.3 - 245 R.M.S Application

Line type 5000

Distribution Type 2500 : 1500

3.3 - 123

Upto 33
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Large Power station Intermediate, Large Distribution system; & large Sub-station S/S , Medium Power Rural System. station

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COMPONENT OF SURGE ARRESTERS

A ZnO Surge arrester constitutes mainly following components ZnO varistors (blocks) Housing of porcelain or polymeric material Pressure relief devices A grading ring arrangement where necessary Surge Counter & Leakage current Indicator.
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SELECTION OF SURGE ARRETSERS Selection of Surge Arresters:Surge arresters are located near the apparatus to be protected. On O.H. lines it is the first apparatus from line to substation. Lightning Arresters are also installed near transformer terminals. The proximity of earthed objects & height of lightning arresters above earth affects the characteristics adversely. Hence separation distance should be considered. The requirements of Protective devices are: It should take no current during normal power frequency condition. The breakdown strength should be above the normal power frequency voltages & permissible overvoltages. Transient overvoltages of value more than insulation withstand level should be diverted to earth. Arresters should have adequate energy absorption capability. The arresters be in position to absorb the energy without getting damaged. The voltages across arresters during discharge should not be too low nor too high. Normal condition should be restored soon after the surge has been diverted.
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TYPE TEST ON SURGE ARRESTERS

The following type test shall be made 1) Insulation withstand test 2) Residual voltage tests 3) Long duration current impulse withstand test 4) Operating duty tests
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5) Pressure relief test 6) Tests of arrester disconnectors 7) Artificial pollution test on porcelain housed arresters 8) Galvanizing test on exposed ferrous metal parts :

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ROUTINE TEST ON SURGE ARRESTERS

The minimum requirement for routine tests to be made by the manufacturer shall be: 1) Measurement of reference voltage ( Uref ) 2) Residual voltage test. 3) Satisfactory absence from partial discharges and contact noise shall be checked on each unit by any sensitive method adopted by the manufacturer. 4) For arrester units with sealed housing leakage check shall be made on each unit by any sensitive method adopted by the manufacturer. 5) Current distribution test for multi-column arrester.

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NORMAL CONDITION

1) Ambient air temperature within the range of - 10C to -i-50C 2) Solar radiation. 3) Altitude not exceeding 1000 m 4) Frequency of the a.c. power supply not less than 48 Hz and not exceeding 52 Hz. 5) Power frequency voltage applied continuously between the terminals of the arrester not exceeding its continuous operating voltage. 6) Maximum wind speed : 55 m/s 7) Seismic acceleration : 0.3 g horizontal and 0.15 g vertical.
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ABNORMAL CONDITION

The following are typical abnormal service conditions which may require special consideration in the manufacture or application of surge arresters and should be called to the attention of the manufacturer. 1. 2. 3. 4. Temperature in excess of 50C or below 10C. Application at altitudes higher than 1000 m. Rated frequencies below 48 Hz and above 52 Hz. 63.7 Excessive exposure to moisture, humidity, dripping water or steam. 5. Live washing of arrester. 6. Fumes or vapours which may cause deterioration of 30.9 insulating surface or mounting hardware. 7. Abnormal mechanical conditions (earth- quakes and wind speed) 8. Heat sources near the arrester 9. Unusual transportation or storage.
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THANK YOU !
63.7
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30.9

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