CROSS AND CRECENT

The Rise of Islamic Regimes and Christian Responses

CROSS VS. CRESENT The Rise of Islamic Regimes and Christian Responses

Group 11

JERUSALEM

War between Christians and Muslims

CHRISTIANS Jerusalem is the place of nativity, ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. Main goal:
Restoring Christian control of the Holy Land Fight the expansion of Muslim rule

MUSLIMS Jerusalem holds the site of the ascension into heaven of the Prophet Muhammad Jerusalem is often regarded as the third most sacred site in Islam.

Crusades
A series of religious sanctioned military campaigns. The main series of Crusades occurred between 1095 and 1291 Fought mainly by Roman Catholics against Muslims

First Crusade
A military expedition by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Land taken in the Muslims conquest of the Levant. defensive or as aggressive in nature remains controversial. Launch by Pope Urban II

Primary goal
Response to the appeal of Byzantine Emperor, Alexios I Komenos. He requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia. Christian reconquest of the Sacred City of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Freeing of the Eastern Orthodox from Islamic rule

Timeline of the First Crusade

1071

Byzantine army is destroyed by Turks

Mercenary Seljuk Turks conquer Syria and Palestine. The City of Jerusalem is taken from the more civilized Saracen caliphs

1071 1085 1085-1095 1095

3000 Christian Pilgrims were massacred in Jerusalem and the Christian churches were destroyed or used as stables

Emperor Alexius I sent an embassy to Pope Urban II regarding the atrocities in Jerusalem and the growing threat of the Turks to Constantinople and the whole of Europe Pope Urban II called a great council of the Church at Placentia, in Italy, to consider the appeal decisions were deferred until later in the year

1095

1095 November 27

He called for a crusade against the Infidels

1095 - Spring 1096 Summer 1096 August 1096 October 1096

Peter the Hermit took up the cry "God wills it!" and ordinary people join in the 'People's Crusade' - most were unarmed Armed forces gathered at Constantinople to embark on the First Crusade Emperor Alexius I shipped the Peoples Crusade over the Bosphorus
The Peoples Crusade were annihilated by the Turks in Anatolia

May June 1097

Siege of Nicacea Battle of Dorylaeum

July 1097
Oct 1097 June 1098
1098 June 1

The Siege of Antioch

Stephen of Blois and numerous French crusaders flee the siege of Antioch with news of the arrival of Emir Kerboga of Mosul

1098 June 3
1098 June 5

Bohemond I, elder son of Robert Guiscard, led

the capture of Antioch

Emir Kerboga of Mosul and his army of 75,000 lays siege to the crusaders led by Bohemond

1099 Feb 14 June 1098 June 28

The siege of Arqah, near Tripoli

The Battle of Orontes. The First Crusade wins a victory forcing Emir Kerboga to lift the siege of Antioch

1099 June 13

Raymond of Toulouse leads the crusaders

from Antioch and to Jerusalem

1099 July 15

The soldiers of the First Crusade successfully scale thewalls of Jerusalem and take the Holy city

Second and Third Crusade

Started in response to the fall of County of Edessa the pervious year to the forces of Zengi. Announced by Pope Eugene III. His Holiness III issued the crusading bull Quantum praedecessores. First crusades led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany.

 In 114749 , the Second Crusade, championed by the abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, attempted to take Damascus in Syria.

 The campaign was a dismal failure because the Muslims had regrouped. Led by Salah al-Din (Saladin), Muslim forces advanced across Syria and finally retook Jerusalem in October 1187. By the end of the Third Crusade (118992), however, Crusader forces had gained Cyprus and the city of Acre. With each crusade, relations between the Byzantines and the Western forces became more estranged.

Fourth Crusade
set out in 1202 with Egypt as its goal incited by Pope Innocent III., three years after, terminated with divisions among the States of Christendom, without weakening the power of the Saracens Latin Empire of Constantinople was established with Baldwin of Flanders as emperor. In 1261, the Byzantines regained the city.

Fifth Crusade

commanded by the Emperor Frederic II. of Germany (12289), was diverted altogether from the main object, and spent its force on Constantinople. Byzantine Empire was then in the last stages of decrepitude It broke down the chief obstacle to their entrance into Europe shortly afterward.

Sixth Crusade
Secured the capture of Damietta, on the banks of the Nile. Attempt to regain Jerusalem. Began 7 years after the failure of the fifth crusade. It involve actual fighting.

Seventh Crusade
led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254 After theMamluks took Jerusalem in 1244 AD, Louis announced his Crusade (in 1245).

Louis raised money from church tithes and then sailed to Cyprus in 1248 (when he was 34 years old).

Eight and Ninth Crusade

In 1270, King Louis IX of France organized another crusade, the Eight Crusade The Ninth Crusade lasted from 1271 CE to 1272 CE. This Crusade like many others ended up in failure as well. The failure of this crusade was a final blow to the spirit of the many and all support fo launching ,ore crusades was lost